Notecards
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| Monosaccharides | "Simple Sugars" 3-7; They form straight chain or ring/Formula: CnH2nOn/Ex: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose/
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| Disaccharides | "2 simple sugars"...2 simple sugars of the same # of Carbon/joined by dehydration synthesis (sucrose/Formula: CnH2n-2On-1/Glucose + Fructose= Sucrose, Glocuse + Galactose = Lactose/Glucose + Glucose= Maltose
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| Polysaccharides | Chains of many simple sugars./Include: Cellulose(plnts)/Starches(plnts)/Glycogen(animal)-Glucose stored as Glycogen in liver & skeletal muscle./Formula:(C6H10O5)n
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| Lipids | Mainly hydrophobic molecules(ex:fats, oils, waxes)/Composed of C,H,O (less O than carbs)./2x as much energy as carbs./Insoluble in H2O/Composed of 1 Glycerol+3 Fatty Acids.
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| Amino Acids | ("Basic bldg blocks of proteins")../Consist of: 1-central Carbon atom/Hydrogen atom/Amino Grp/Carboxylic Acid Grp/Variable Grp (R)-distinguish 1 amino acid from another, giving each its own chemical properties.
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| Phospholipid Bilayer (cell membrane) | -Selectively permeable/-Hydrophilic heads/-Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails/-Fluid Mosaic Model(moveable).
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| Nucleus | Control Center/Contains DNA/ Largest organelle in the cell
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| Proteins & Carbohydrates | Integral proteins=(channel)Peripheral proteins= bound to inner & outer surface of the membrane & easily separated from it.
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| Tumor | (Neoplasm)-Enlarge mass of cells-Abnormal cell growth & division
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| Benign Tumor | Contained-Not life threatening
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| Malignant Tumor | Spread into surrounding tissues/start new tumors (metastasis)
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| Nucleic Acids (long chains of nucleotides form DNA&RNA) | Found in the Nucleus fo the cell/Made up of:Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus/Stores & process information @ the molecular level/2 types:-DNA & RNA (&ATP)Consist of one or two long chains that are formed by dehydration synthesis.
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| Vitamis | Organic/2 Types: Water soluble(dissolves in H2O) vitamins B & CLipid Soluble: vitamins (A, D, E & K)
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| Carbohydrates | Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen/The body's most readily available source of energy. 3 types:Monosaccharides, Disaccharides,Polysaccharides.
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| Proteins | Most important & abundant organic molecules/Contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (S-Sulfur)/Functions:-Support, Movement, Transport,Buffering,Metabolic Regulation, Coordination & Control, Defense(anti-bodies)
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| Denaturation | Loss of shape and function due to heat or pH
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| Peroxisomes | Enzymes containing vesicles:-break dwn fatty acids & organic conpounds producing the free radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
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| Lysosomes | Vacuoles containing digestive & hydrolytic enzymes:-break dwn large molecules/attack bacteria/recycle damage organelles/Autolysis-self-destruction of damaged cells
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| Golgi Apparatus | Modify/Package & store proteins for secretion
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| Human Cells | Somatic Cells-Diploids(contain 2 complete sets of chromosomes)/23 pair of chromosomes in our bodies/46 chromosomes total
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| Sex Cells (human cells) | ("gametes")/Egg & Sperm/Haploid-1 set of chromosomes
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| Cell Membrane | Provide:-Physical isolation/allows regulation of the cell/allows the cell to monitor/structural support
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| Types of Cells | Prokaryotic-Do not contain membrane bound organelles(ex:bacteria)/Eukaryotic cells-Membrane bound organelles (ex:fungi, plant cells, animal cells)
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| Cell | Bldg blocks of tissues"-performs all life functions/Cytology-study of cells
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| Mitosis | duplicated DNA divided:-DNA coils into chromosomes/sister chromatids connect at a centromere
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| Interphase | The non-dividing operiod
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| G0-phase | Specialized cell functions (will not divide)
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| G1-phase | Normal cell functions + cell growth, duplication of organelles, protein synthesis(8+hrs)
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| S-phase | DNA replication & chromosome duplication (6-8hrs)
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| G2-phase | Cells grow & prepares for Mitosis
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| Prophase | Nucleoli disappears/Centriole pairs move to cell poles/Microtubules (spindle fibers)extend between centriole pairs/Nuclear envelope disappears/Spindle fibers attach to Kinetochore
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| Metaphase | chromosomes align in a central place (metaphase plate/.."meet in the middle"
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| Anaphase | Microtubules pull chromosomes apart/Daughter chromosomes group near centrioles
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| Telophase | Nuclear membranes re-form/chromosomes uncoil/Nucleoli reappears/Cleavage furrow
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| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm/Daughter cells identical
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| Mitochondrion | Smooth outer membrane/Folded inner membrane(cristae)/Matrix-"fluid around the cristae"/Recharges ADP to ATP (ADP+P=ATP)/Primary fuel: Glucose
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| Cellular Respiration | Glucose-final total=(38ATPs)/Glycolysis-2ATP (net)/>glucose to pyruvic acid (Cytosol)/Krebs Cycle(TCA)-2ATPs (net)/>pyruvic acid to CO2(carbon dioxide) mitochondrial matrix/Electron transport&Oxidative Phosphorylation-34ATPs-cristae of mitochondria)-Oxyge
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| DNA replication | DNA strands unwind/DNA polymerase attaches complementary nucleotides/Complementary strands of DNA formed
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| DNA(& Genes) | DNA-(deoxyribonucleic acid):determines heredity/instructions for every protein in the body:-directs protein synthesis/-controls enzyme production/-controls metabolism
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| DNA (Organization) | Chromatin-loosely coiled DNA (cells NOT dividing)/Chromosome-aggregration of genes-tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)/Gene-DNA instructions for 1 protein-aggregration of nucleotides
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| Nucleotide | A sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base/DNA or RNA-sugar=either ribose or deoxyribose/base=DNA:A-T/G-C/RNA:A-U/G-C
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| Genetic Code | The chemical language of DNA instructions: triplet code
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| mRNA | Made in the nucleus/carry messages to cytoplasm
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| rRNA | Used to make ribosomes/protein synthesis happens in ribosomes
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| tRNA (transfer) | each tRNA binds and delivers an amino acid of a specific type
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| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis/ 2types:-free ribosomes-produce proteins for cell/fixed ribosomes-produce proteins for secretion (ex:hormones)
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| Centrioles | Form spindle apparatus during cell division/Centrosome:cytoplasm surrounding centriole
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| Microvilli (Non-membraneous organelles) | Increase surface area for absorption
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| Cytoskeleton (Non-membraneous organelles) | structural proteins for shape and strenght (cell movement)
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| pH | The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
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| Acid | Lower than 7.0 pH
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| Basic | Higher than 7.0 pH
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| Cancer | Illness that disrupts cellular controls-produces malignant cells
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| Oncogenes | "Natural Killer Cells"/Mutated genes that cause cancer
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| Rough ER | Where newly synthesized proteins are chemically modified & packaged for export to next destination:"the golgi apparatus"
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| Smooth ER | Synthesizes lipid & carbohydrates/synthesizes of the phospholipids and cholesterol/synthesis of steroid hormones/synthesis and storage of glycerides/synthesis and storage of glycogen
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| ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) | 4 functions:-Synthesis=special regions synthesize proteins,carbohydrates,and lipids/storage:synthesized molecules stored w/out affecting cellular operations/transport/detoxification:drugs&toxins absorbed and neutralized by enzymes.
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| Cilia | Move fluids across the cell surface
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| Mitosis (cell division) | somatic cells:1-3 hrs of cell cycle/growing,reparing,and replacing.
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| Meiosis | sex cells: ovaries & testes/from diploid to haploid
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| Cytoplasm | Materials inside the cell & outside the nucleus/
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| Cytosol | (Intracellular fluid)/Contain dissolved materials:-nutrients,ions,proteins,and waste products
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| Organelles | Structures w/specific functions
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| Isotonic Solution | A solution that does NOT cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell (same outside as inside)/NO net movnt of water
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| Solvent | Substance doing the dissolving
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| Solute | Substance being dissolved
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| Solution | Homogeneous mix of 2 or more substances
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| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across the cell membrane
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| Steroids | Made up of:4-Carbon rings/Cholesterol(prt of cell membrane)=36 carbons/Vitamins D-produced by skin/Bile salts-made in the liver by cholesterol/estrogen & testosterome
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| Peptide bond | A covalent bond between the amino grp (NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxyl grp (COOH) of another
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| Exocytosis | Ejects secretory products & waste
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| Pinocytosis | Cell-drinking
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| Phagocytosis | Cell-eating
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| Active (transport through cell membrane) | requires enerby and ATP
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| Passive (transport through cell membrane) | NO energy required: 2 types: Diffusion & Facilitated diffusion
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| Facilitated Diffusion (passive) | Carrier mediated transport of ions and organic substances
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| Diffusion (passive) | Either simple or channel mediated
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| Active transport | Sodium-Potassium exchange pump/Na-K
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| DNA | all information to build and run organisms
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| Nucleoplasm | Fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
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| Nucleus | Cell's control center/Largest organelle/Structure:-Nuclear envelope & Nuclear pores
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| Fatty Acids (Lipids) | Saturated: DOESN'T have any Carbon-Carbon double bond/solid @ room temperature/straight
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| Fatty Acids (Lipids) | Unsaturated:1 or more Carbon-Carbon bond/liquid @ room temp/croocked
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| Phospholipids & Glycolipids | Component of cell membranes
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| Enzyme Helpers | Cofactor: minerals-inorganic ion or moleculeCoenzyme: vitamins-organic molecules
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| Enzymes (proteins) | Proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction/not CHANGED or USED up in a chemical reaction/characteristics:-1 enzyme catalyzes 1 reaction
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