STAAR Facts- Colonization, Revolution, Constitution, Early Republic
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| *Religion (God) *Wealth (Gold) *Fame and International recognition (Glory) | Reasons for European exploration
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| 1st Amendment | freedom of speech, religion, press, petition, assembly
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| 2nd Amendment | right to bear arms
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| 3rd Amendment | no quartering of troops in homes
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| 4th Amendment | no unreasonable searches or seizures
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| 5th Amendment | right to freedom from self-incrimination, no double jeopardy
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| 6th Amendment | right to a speedy, fair, jury trial with a lawyer
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| 7th Amendment | right to a jury trial in civil cases in cases worth more than $20
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| 8th Amendment | no cruel and unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines
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| 9th Amendment | rights not mentioned in the Constitution are saved for the people
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| 10th Amendment | rights not listed in the Constitution are reserved to the states
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| 1787 | date the U.S. Constitution was written at Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
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| 1803 | In what year did Thomas Jefferson purchase the Louisiana Territory during his presidency?
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| Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams, known for her stance on women's rights
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| Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, John Adams | Who were some of the leaders of the Federalist party?
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| Alexander Hamilton | A "founding father," and author of the Federalist Papers, the first Secretary of the Treasury
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| Anne Hutchinson | woman kicked out of Massachusetts Bay; founded Rhode Island for religious freedom
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| Anti-Federalists | People who argued against the ratification of the Constitution because it weakened states' rights, wanted a Bill of Rights
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| Articles of Confederation | first government of the United States that created a bond between states for foreign affairs, but could not tax or raise an army (FAILED!)
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| Battle of Lexington and Concord | first shots of the American Revolution, "shot heard round the world"
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| Battle of Saratoga | turning point in the American Revolution, France joins the American side after this battle
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| Battle of Yorktown | last battle of the American Revolution; helped by the French navy
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| Benjamin Franklin | Author, printer, inventor, scientist, and colonial ambassador to France during the American Revolution
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| Bernardo de Galvez | Spanish military leader who held off British in New Orleans, but allowed Americans the use of the port
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| Bill of Rights | The name given to the first ten original amendments to the US Constitution that protected individual freedoms
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| Boston Massacre | British soldiers fire on mob and kill 5 colonists
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| Boston Tea Party | led by the Sons of Liberty; destroyed cases of tea into Boston harbor
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| Boycott | Organized campaign to refuse to buy certain products.
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| Charles Cornwallis | Commander of British forces at the Battle of Yorktown
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| checks and balances | A major principle of the American system of government in which each branch can control other branches. Examples: President votes laws; Senate confirms appointments & treaties; Congress impeaches president & judges...
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| Constitutional Convention | Gathering of representatives in 1787 in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation
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| Crispus Attucks | African American; First person killed in the Boston Massacre; martyr of the American Revolution
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| Date for the Declaration of Independence | July 4, 1776
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| Declaration of Independence | document written by Thomas Jefferson breaking up with England.
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| Doubled the U.S. in size, gave us control of the Mississippi River | What did the purchase of this land do for the United States?
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| Embargo Act | What law was passed that banned imports and exports from other countries?
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| Executive Branch | Branch of government that enforces the laws in the U.S. Also known as the President and Cabinet.
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| Favored a strong national government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution that would give the government more power | What did the Federalists believe about government?
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| federalism | A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
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| Federalists and Democratic- Republicans | What two political parties emerged during Washington's presidency?
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| Federalists | People who argued for the ratification of the Constitution
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| First Great Awakening | religious movement of the 1700s that emphasized the importance of reading the Bible and religious feelings
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| French and Indian War | war between England and France over land in North America.
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| French | Which colonizing nation established a good relationship with the Natives and came to the Americas in search of furs to trade?
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| Fundamental Orders of Connecicut | first written constitution in the colonies. Example of a representative government.
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| Geography of New England colonies | rocky, rivers, harbors, forests, cold,
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| George Mason | An Anti-Federalist that was instrumental in creating the Bill of Rights, refused to sign Constitution
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| George Washington | Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, President of the Constitutional Convention and first President of the United States.
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| Georgia | colony founded by James Oglethorpe for debtors
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| Haym Salomon | Polish Jew who spied for Americans and was held as a translator for the Germans by the British, helped finance the Revolution
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| He sent in the army | How did Washington deal with the Whiskey Rebellion?
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| impressment of sailors | What practice began during Jefferson's presidency and continued during Madison's that eventually helped cause the War of 1812?
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| Individual Rights | Freedoms granted to people and protected by the government
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| Industry (jobs) of New England colonies | ship building, fishing, trading, commerce, whaling, small farming.
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| Intolerable (Coercive) Acts | act passed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party (cancelled town meetings, closed the port of Boston)
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| James Armistead | African American spy during the American Revolution. Spied on British General Cornwallis' camp
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| James Madison | The author of the majority of The Federalist Papers, "Father of the Constitution," fourth President of the United States, president during the War of 1812
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| James Oglethorpe | founder of Georgia, a colony for debtors
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| Jamestown | 1607; first permanent English colony in North America
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| Jefferson and George Mason | Who were some of the leaders of the Democratic - Republican Party?
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| John Adams | Massachusetts lawyer who defended British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre, helped edit the Declaration
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| John Marshall | Who was the judge in the case of Marbury v. Madison?
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| John Paul Jones | Founder of the US Navy; Continental navy commander and privateer known for yelling "I have not yet begun to fight"
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| Judicial Branch | Branch of government that interprets the laws in the U.S. Also known as the Supreme Court & court system.
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| King George III | King of England during the American Revolution
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| Legislative Branch | Branch of government that makes the laws in the U.S. Also known as Congress.
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| Let the Supreme Court decide if a law was constitutional or unconstitutional (judicial review) | What impact did the Case of Marbury v. Madison have?
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| Lewis and Clark | Who did Jefferson send to explore the new territory?
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| Limited Government | Idea that government should not be unrestricted in authority over individuals
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| Louisiana Purchase | What territory did Thomas Jefferson purchase during his presidency?
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| Loyalist | Those who remained loyal to the King
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| Magna Carta | 1st document of English rights, King forced to sign by nobles
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| Manufacturing increased because we had to make our own goods during the War, America got respect from other nations, we maintained our independence, Great Lakes were no longer disputed | What were some of the effects of the War of 1812?
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| Marquis de Lafayette | French noble who served under George Washington in the American Revolution and helped train the American troops
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| Maryland | colony founded for Catholics
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| Massachusetts Bay Colony | colony founded by Puritans for religious freedom.
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| Mayflower Compact | 1620; first document with form of self- government in North America
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| Mercantilism | an economic system to increase a nation''s wealth by sending natural resources from colonies to the mother country.
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| Mercy Otis Warren | Patriot writer that supported independence and convinced others to join the cause. First woman historian of the Americans Revolution, published plays, books, and poetry.
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| National Bank | What did Alexander Hamilton establish as Washington's Secretary of Treasury?
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| New England Colonies | Which region of the colonies did the Puritans settle?
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| New Jersey Plan | Plan at Philadelphia Convention for equal representation in new Congress (1 state 1 vote). Also known as "small state plan." Opposite of the Virginia "big state" Plan. Becomes basis of representation in the Senate.
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| Northwest Ordinance | process established for admitting new states to the Union including requiring a population of 60,000 people, defined boundaries, and so many eligible voters
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| Only serve 2 terms, Farewell Address, setup a Cabinet (several more) | Name important precedents Washington established as president.
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| Patrick Henry | Patriot from Virginia, Spokesperson for independence who gave a famous "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" speech urging Virginians to take up arms in their defense, An Anti-Federalists statesman that argued in defense of states' rights
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| Patriot | Those who supported independence from England.
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| Political parties, don't interfere in European or foreign affairs (stay neutral), don't make taxes too high | What did Washington warn about in his Farewell Address?
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| political parties | What started to develop during Washington's presidency that he did not like and warned against in his Farewell Address?
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| Popular Sovereignty | The principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people
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| Preamble | Opening statement of the Constitution that sets its purpose
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| Primary reason for declaring independence | being taxed without representation "a vote" in Parliament
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| Proclamation of 1763 | Closed off the region west of the Appalachian mountains to colonial settlement
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| Quartering Act | Law requiring colonists to provide housing and supplies to British soldiers.
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| Ratification | Process by which each state had to approve the Constitution in order to establish the federal government
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| Republicanism | Political philosophy that federal laws should be made by elected representatives
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| Roger Williams | man kicked out of Massachusetts Bay; founded Rhode Island for religious freedom
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| Samuel Adams | Leader of the Sons of Liberty and Patriot who established the committees of correspondence in Boston & is thought to have planned the Boston Tea Party
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| Separation of Powers | Constitutional provision that ensures no single branch of government has complete authority, divides the duties
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| setup the court system | What did the Judiciary Act that was passed while Washington was President establish?
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| Shay's Rebellion | 1786 revolt in Massachusetts that revealed a need for a national army and new government.
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| Stamp Act | Act which places a tax on almost all printed materials.
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| States governments should have more power and a strict interpretation of the Constitution that limited the powers of the government to those listed in the Constitution, Bill of Rights was necessary | What did the Democratic-Republicans believe about government?
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| Sugar Act | Replaces the Molasses Act and placed a duty on molasses or sugar
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| Tea Act | tax on tea; said colonists had to buy tea from England
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| The British blockade forced Americans to produce their own goods and actually increased manufacturing. | How did the war impact manufacturing in the United States?
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| The Federalist Papers | A set of essays written in support of the ratification of the Constitution
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| The Great Compromise | An agreement between states that created two houses of Congress based on both state population (House) and equal representation for each state (Senate)
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| Thomas Hooker | Minister who leaves Massachusetts to settle Hartford, Connecticut for religious freedom; helped frame the FOC
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| Thomas Jefferson | author of the Declaration of Independence
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| Thomas Paine | Author of the revolutionary pamphlet, Common Sense and The American Crisis; urged Americans to support the Patriot cause
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| Three-Fifths Compromise | An agreement that states could count their slave population as a fraction in comparison to their free population for the purpose of representation and taxation
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| Told European nations to stay out of the western hemisphere and North America- no further colonization would be permitted without consequences | What did the Monroe Doctrine say?
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| Townshend Acts | Tax on imported goods, including tea and glass, paint and lead
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| Treaty of Paris 1763 | ended the French and Indian War; gave all land West of the MS River to Spain and land East to England.
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| Treaty of Paris 1783 | Agreement that ended the American Revolutionary War
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| Triangular Trade | trade between England, the Americas, and Africa in which slaves, rum, and manufactured products were exchanged
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| unalienable rights (definition) | rights given to you at birth that cannot be taken away
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| unalienable rights | life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
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| Valley Forge | winter camp where Washington's men die of cold, starvation , and disease.
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| Virginia House of Burgesses | the first representative assembly of elected representatives in North America.
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| Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for population- based representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning represe
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| Washington, D.C. | What city did the British set on fire during the War of 1812?
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| Wentworth Cheswell | Educated African American Patriot, made the same midnight ride as Paul Revere warning that the British were coming.
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| What is the geography of the Southern colonies like? | rich fertile soil, long growing seasons, hot
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| What is the primary industry in the South? | plantations; agriculture that depends on slave labor.
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| What was the Economy of the Middle Colonies like? | "breadbasket" colonies, grew grains for the colonies, ironworks
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| What was the Geography of the Middle Colonies like? | moderate weather, rich soil, small farms
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| William Penn | A wealthy Quaker who founded Pennsylvania
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