muscle chapter 6
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| extensibility | to be stretched
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| shorten with a force | contractility
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| to respond to a stimulus | excitability
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| original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity
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| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium
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| surrounded by loose connective tissue | perimysium
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| connective tissue located outside the epimysium | fascia
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| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | endomysium
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| fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells | fibers
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| thick myofilament | myosin myofilament
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| actin myofilament | thin myofilament
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| axon | enter the muscle and branch
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| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| brief reversal back of the charge | action potentials
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| charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential
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| joined end to end to form the myofibril | sarcomeres
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle | neuromuscular junction
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| near the center of the cell | synapse
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| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit
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| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal
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| muscle fiber | postsynaptic terminal
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| space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft
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| secrete a neurotransmitter | acetylcholine
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| Each presynaptic terminal | synaptic vesicles
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| muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes | aceetylcholinesterase
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism
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| shortens | H band and I band
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| doesn't change in length | A band
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| is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch
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| muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level | threshold
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| phenomenon | all or none response
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| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase
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| time of contraction | contraction phase
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| time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase
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| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment
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| produced in the mitochondria | atp
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| When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule | creatine phosphate
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| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration
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| with oxygen | aerobic respiration
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| amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen debt
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| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue
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| 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic
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| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric
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| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic
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| refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone
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| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast twitch fibers
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| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | low twitch fibers
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| most stationary end of the muscle | origin
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| end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion
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| portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergist
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| Muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonist
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| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover
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| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis
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| closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye | orbicularis oculi
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| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris
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| flattens the cheeks | buccinator
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| smiling muscle | zygomaticus
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| sneering | levator labii superioris
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| frowning | depressor anguli oris
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| chewing | mastication
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| change the shape of the tongue | intrinsic tongue muscles
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| move the tongue | extrinsic tongue muscles
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| group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spinae
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| lateral neck muscle and prime mover | sternocleidomastoid
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| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles
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| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals
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| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals
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| accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm
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| muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera | abdominal wall muscles
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| tendinous area of the abdominal wall | linea alba
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| each side of the linea alba | rectus abdominis muscles
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| cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented | tendinous inscriptions
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| rotates scapula | trapezius
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