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muscle chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| extensibility | to be stretched |
| shorten with a force | contractility |
| to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium |
| surrounded by loose connective tissue | perimysium |
| connective tissue located outside the epimysium | fascia |
| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | endomysium |
| fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells | fibers |
| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| thick myofilament | myosin myofilament |
| actin myofilament | thin myofilament |
| axon | enter the muscle and branch |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| brief reversal back of the charge | action potentials |
| charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| joined end to end to form the myofibril | sarcomeres |
| Each branch that connects to the muscle | neuromuscular junction |
| near the center of the cell | synapse |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| muscle fiber | postsynaptic terminal |
| space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| secrete a neurotransmitter | acetylcholine |
| Each presynaptic terminal | synaptic vesicles |
| muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes | aceetylcholinesterase |
| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
| shortens | H band and I band |
| doesn't change in length | A band |
| is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level | threshold |
| phenomenon | all or none response |
| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| time of contraction | contraction phase |
| time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| produced in the mitochondria | atp |
| When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule | creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen | aerobic respiration |
| amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen debt |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic |
| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric |
| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic |
| refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | low twitch fibers |
| most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergist |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonist |
| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover |
| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye | orbicularis oculi |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks | buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering | levator labii superioris |
| frowning | depressor anguli oris |
| chewing | mastication |
| change the shape of the tongue | intrinsic tongue muscles |
| move the tongue | extrinsic tongue muscles |
| group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spinae |
| lateral neck muscle and prime mover | sternocleidomastoid |
| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles |
| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals |
| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals |
| accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm |
| muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera | abdominal wall muscles |
| tendinous area of the abdominal wall | linea alba |
| each side of the linea alba | rectus abdominis muscles |
| cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented | tendinous inscriptions |
| rotates scapula | trapezius |
Created by:
jpmcguire
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