Ch 6
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| What is contractility? | Contractility is the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| What is the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to stimulus ? | Excitability
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| What is the ability to be stretched? | Extensibility
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| What is elasticity? | It is the ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| What is the connective tissue sheath around each skeletal muscle? | Epimysium
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| What is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium? | Fascia
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| A muscle composed of numerous visible bundles are called? | Muscle fasciculi (fascicle)
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| What loose connective tissue surrounds muscle fasciculi? | Perimysium
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| Fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called what? | Fibers
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| Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with what? | Myofibrils
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| What are myofibrils? | Myofibrils are a thread like structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| What are the two major kinds of protein fibers myofibrils consist of? | Actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| What is the difference between actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments? | Actin myofilaments are thin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments are thick myofilaments
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| What do both myofilaments form together? | Together they form highly ordered unties called sarcomeres.
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| Where do sarcomeres join together at? | They join together end to end to form the myofibril
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| What is the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle? | Sarcomere
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| True or False. Sarcomere extends from one Z line to another Z line? | True
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| True or False. Each Z line is not an attachment site for actin? | False
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| True or False. The A band extends the length of the myosin | True
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| True or False. An I band is the central region in each sarcomere? | False
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| True or False. Each side of the Z line is a light area called an I band? | True
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| What is the charge difference across a membrane called? | It is called the resting membrane potential
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| What are motor neurons? | They are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| A motor unit is what? | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a motor unit
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| The enlarged nerve terminal is the? | Presynaptic terminal
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| What is the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell called? | Synaptic cleft
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| What is the postsynaptic terminal? | It is a muscle fiber
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| What does each presynaptic terminal contain? | They all contain a synaptic vesicle
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| What do synaptic vesicles secrete? | They secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine
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| What is the enzynme that acetylcholine releases? | Acetylcholinesterase
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| How does muscle contraction occur? | Actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten
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| What is the sliding of actin myofilaments past mysoin myfilaments called? | It is called sliding filament mechanism
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| What is muscle twitch? | Muscle twitch is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| What is a threshold? | It is a level a stimulus reaches when muscle fibers react
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| The phenomenon of the muscle fiber contracting maximally is called what? | All-or-none response
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| What is the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction ? | Lag phase
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| The time of contraction is the? | Contraction phase
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| During the time when muscle relaxes is the? | Relaxation phase
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| What is tetany? | Tetany is where muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| What is the increase in number of motor units being activated called? | Recruitment
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| True or False. You DON'T need ATP for energy for muscle contractions. | False
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| True or False. ATP is produced in the mitochondria. | True
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| True or False. ATP is short-lived and unstable. | True
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| True or False. Creatine phosphate IS NOT another high-energy molecule | False
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| True or False. Synthesized creatine phosphate is made from ATP | True
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| Mitochondria produces what? | ATP
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| What does ATP degenerates to? | ADP
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| When muscles rest they can't stockpile what? | ATP
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| What is anaerobic respiration ? | Without oxygen
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| What is aerobic respiration? | With oxygen
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| The amount of oxygen needed in a chemical reaction to convert lactic acid to glucose is? | Oxygen debt
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| What is the portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion called? | Belly
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| What is the most stationary end of the muscle? | Origin
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| What is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement? | Insertion
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| What are muscles that work together called? | Synergist
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| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called? | Antagonists
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| Among a group of synergist, if one muscle plays a major role accomplishing the desired movement, it is called? | A prime mover
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| Muscles have names that are descriptive. What are they? | Names as according to their location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function.
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| What do the occipitofrontalis do? | Raise eyebrows
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| What closes the eyelids? | Orbicularis oculi
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| What puckers the lips? | Orbicularis oris
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| Buccinator flatten what? | The cheeks
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| What are the two kissing muscles? | Buccinator and orbicularis oris
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| What does levator labii superioris do? | Sneer
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| Frowing is caused by? | Depressor anguli oris?
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| The zygomaticus is what? | The smiling muscle
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| What are the 4 parts of mastication muscles? | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and the masseter
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| What changes the shape of the tongue? | Intrinsic tongue muscles
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| What moves the tongue? | Extrinsic tongue muscles
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| What is the group of muscles on each side of the back? | Erector spinae
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| True or False. The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall do not flex or rotate the vertebral column. | False
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| Adducts and flexes the arm | Pectoralis major
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| The deltoid attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the ? | Upper limb
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| What extends the forearm | Triceps brachii
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| What flexes the wrist? | Flexor carpi
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