Ch. 6 Muscles
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| Ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. | Contractility
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| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability
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| The ability to be stretched. | Extensibility
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| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. | Elasticity
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| Connective tissue sheath that covers the skeletal muscle. | Epimysium
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| Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium | Fascia
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| Loose connective tissue that surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers | Perimysium
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| Muscle cells | Fibers
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| Connective tissue sheet that surrounds fibers | Endomysium
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| Threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | Myofibrils
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| Actin | thin myofilaments
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| Myosin | thick myofilaments
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| Basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | Sarcomeres
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| Charge difference across the membrane | Resting membrane potential
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| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | Motor neurons
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| enlarged nerve terminal | Presynaptic terminal
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| space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | Synaptic cleft
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| the muscle fiber | Postsynaptic terminal
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles
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| secreted from the synaptic vesicles | acetylcholine
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| breaks down acetylcholine | acetylcholinesterase
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| sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism
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| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. | Muscle twitch
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| point when the muscle fiber will contract maximally | Threshold
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| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | Lag phase
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| Muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany
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| Increase in number of motor units being activated | Recruitment
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| Less stable adenosine phosphate; 3 phosphates | ATP
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| More stable adenosine phosphate; 2 phosphates | ADP
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| High energy molecule | Creatine Phosphate
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| Anaerobic respiration | Without Oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | With Oxygen
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| Amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose | Oxygen debt
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| When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | Muscle fatigue
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| equal distance; length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | Isometric
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| equal tension; amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of muscle changes | Isotonic
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| Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | Muscle tone
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| Raises eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis
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| Closes the eyelids | Orbicularis oculi
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| puckers the lips | Orbicularis oris
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| Flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter’s muscle. | Buccinator
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| Kissing Muscles | Buccinator and Orbicularis oris
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| Smiling muscle | Zygomaticus
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| Sneering | Levator labii superioris
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| Frowning | Depressor anguli oris
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| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter.
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| change the shape of the tongue | Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
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| move the tongue | Extrinsic Tongue Muscles
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| lateral neck muscle and prime mover | Sternocleidomastoid
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| most stationary end of the muscle | origin
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| portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly
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| end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists
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| Muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists
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| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover
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| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | Fast-twitch fibers
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| contract more slowly | Slow-twitch fibers
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| group of muscles on each side of the back | Erector spinae
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| rotates scapula | Trapezius
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| pulls scapula anteriorly | Serratus anterior
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| The arm is attached to the thorax by the | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles.
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| adducts and flexes the arm | Pectoralis major
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| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” | Latissimus dorsi
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| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb | Deltoid
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| extends the forearm. | Triceps brachii
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| flexes the forearm | Biceps brachii
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| flexes forearm | Brachialis
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| flexes and supinates the forearm. | Brachioradialis
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| flexes the wrist | Flexor carpi
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| extends the wrist | Extensor carpi
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| flexes the fingers | Flexor digitorum
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| extends the fingers. | Extensor digitorum
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| extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles | Quadriceps femoris
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| “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh | Sartorius
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| posterior thigh muscles | Hamstring muscles
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