Chap 6 muscles
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| contractility | ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| excitability | skeletal muscle respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length
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| skeletal muscle is surrounded by what connective tissue sheath | epimysium
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| another connective tissue located outside of the epimysium (surrounds separate muscles) | fascia
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| the muscle bundles are covered by | perimysium
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| fasciculi are composed of a single muscle cells called? | fibers
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| each muscle fiber contains several | nuclei
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| each fiber is surrounded by | endomysium
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| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | myofibrils
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| myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers | actin, myosin
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| actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres
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| sarcomeres | is the basic structural and functional unit
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| each sarcomere extends from | z line to z line
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| the arrangement of actin and myosin | give a banded look
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| beside the z lines there is an area called | I band
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| the a band extends the length of the | myosin (darker area)
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| the center area is called the | h zone
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| the myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere called | m line
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| the outside of most cell membranes are + and the inside -, whats the difference called | resting membrane potential
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| muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly, the brief reversal back is called | action potential
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| axons enter the muscles and branch , the muscles branches form | neuromuscular junction or synapse
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| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a - | motor unit
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| a neuromuscular junction is formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in a indentation of the muscle cell membrane (t or f) | true
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| the enlarged nerve terminal is the | presynaptic terminal
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the---- and the muscle fiber is | synaptic cleft,-----, postsynaptic terminal
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| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine
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| acetylcholine | difusses across the synaptic cleft
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| action reaches the nerve terminal | releases acetylochine
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| breaks down acetylochine | acetylochinesterase
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| muscle contractions | occur as the actin and myosin slide past one another causing shortening
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| when sacromeres shorten so do the.. | muscles
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin during contraction is called | sliding filament mechanism
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| muscle twitch | a contration of the entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| a muscle fiber will no respond to a stimulus until it reaches | a threshold
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| the complete contraction is called | all or none response
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| the time between the stimulus and the contraction is | the lag phase
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| the time of contraction is | contraction phase
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| the time the muscle relaxes is | relaxation phase
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| successive stimuli are given to cause successive contractions for | the muscle to have no time to relax
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| tetany | the muscle remains contracted
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| the increase in number of motor units being activates is called | recruitment
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| atp means | adenosine triphosphate
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| atp is needed for.... | muscle contractions
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| atp is produced in | mitochondtria
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| atp is | short lived and unstable
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| atp transforms into | adp
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| adp stands for | adenosine diphosphate
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| it is necessary for muscles to constantly produce | atp
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| they stock pile atp but they can produce | creatine phosphate
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| during periods of inactivity the atp energy is used to | synthesize creatine phosphate
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| during times of activity the energy stored in creatine can be used to make | atp
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| after exercise ends the respiration rate stays high (T/F) | true
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| the high rate of respiration is to renew the | oxygen debt
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| the oxygen debt is | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions
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| muscle fatigue | results when atp is used during contraction faster then it is produced
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| how many types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic
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| isometric is | the length of the muscle doesn't change, but the amount of tension increases
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| isotonic is | the amount of tension is constant but the length of muscle changes
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| muscle tone | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body
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| how many different twitch fibers are there | 2
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| the 2 different twitch fibers | fast and slow
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| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and fatigue slower
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| fast twitch fibers is adapted for | anaerobic metabolism
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| slow twitch fibers is adapted for | aerobic metabolism
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| the points of attachments of each muscle is | its origin and insertion
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| the origin is | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| the insertion is | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | the belly
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| some muscles have multiple orgins or head(T/F) | true
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| muscles that work together to accomplish a specific movement | are synergists
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| muscle that work in opposite are | anatgonists
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| among a group of synergists if a muscle has a major role it is called a | prime mover
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| muscle are names are | descriptive
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| muscles are named to their | location, size, shape, origin, fuction, etc.
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