CH. 6 MUSCLES
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| Contraction | to shorten or develop muscle tension
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| Muscle Fibers | muscle cells
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| Skeletal Muscle | muscles attached to skeleton
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| Endomysium | thin connective tissue surrounding each cell
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| Perimysium | connective tissues enveloping bundles of muscle fibers
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| Epimysium | sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding muscles
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| Fascicle | bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue
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| Smooth Muscle | muscle unstriped and spine shaped; involuntary
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| Cardiac Muscle | heart muscle
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| Sarcolemma | fine, transparent, tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles
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| Sacomere | extends from one Z disc to the next
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| Myosin | principle contractile proteins found in muscle
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| Actin | contractile protein
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| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | network of tubular or saclike channels in cytoplasm of muscle cells
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| Motor Unit | motor neuron and all the muscle cells it supplies
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| Axon | conducting portion of a nerve cell
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| Acetylcholine | chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings
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| Muscle fatigue | decline in ability to use muscles
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| Isotenic | having tension of the same tone
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| Isometric | of the same length
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| Origin | muscle that remains fixed during muscle contractions
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| Insertion | moveable attachment of muscle opposed to its origin
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| Synergists | muscles working with other muscles to produce movements
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| Antagonists | muscles that work against movements
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| Fixators | muscles acting to immobilize a joint or a bone
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| Contractility | skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to go back to its original form after being stretched
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| Muscle twitch | contraction of entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action
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| Contraction phase | time of contraction
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| Relaxation phase | times when muscles are relaxed
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| Tetany | muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| Recruitment | increase in number of motor units activated
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| Creatine Phosphate | found in vertebrate muscle, where it serves to store phosphates to provide energy for muscular contraction
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| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| Oxygen Debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to replenish muscle cells
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| Muscle Tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| Fast- twitch Fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| Slow- twitch Fibers | contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| Belly | portion of muscle between its origin and the insertion
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| Prime mover | one muscle that plays the major role
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| Ways to classify muscle names | location, size, shape, orientation of fibers
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers lips
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| Buccinator | flattens cheeks
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator Labii Superioris | sneering
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| Depressor Anguli Oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pairs of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter
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| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | changes shape of tongue
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| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover; rotates and abducts head
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| Erector Spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back; responsible for keeping it straight and the body erect
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| Thoracic Muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing
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| Abdominal Wall Muscles | flex and rotate the vertebral column, compresses abdominal cavity, and holds abdominal viscera
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| Linea alba | vertical linear identification extending from sternum through the navel, to the pubis
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medically rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| Deltoid | attaches humerus to the scapula and clavicle
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| Triceps brachii | extends forearm
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| Biceps brachii | occupies anterior compartment of the arm
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Retinaculum | band of connective tissues that cover the flexor and extensor tendons
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| Flexor carpi | flexes wrist
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| Extensor carpi | extends wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | flexes fingers
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