Ch. 6 Muscle
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| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| fascia | connective tissue outside of the epimysium
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| perimysium | connective tissue around the fascicle
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| muscle cell | muscle fibers
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| endomysium | connective tissue around muscle fibers
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| actin myrofilaments | thin myrofilaments
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| myosin myrofilaments | thick myrofilaments
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | the muscle fiber
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| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
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| muscle twitch | the contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | the time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | the time in which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| creatine phosphate | high-energy molecule that is stored it a muscle
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions
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| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| isometric | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| isotonic | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin | is the most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| Orbicularis oris and buccinator | the kissing muscles
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter
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| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover
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| Rotates and abducts the head | Sternocleidomastoid
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back
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| Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect | Erector spinae
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| Thoracic Muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | Dome-shaped muscle, aids in breathing
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| Abdominal wall muscles | The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column
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| This tendinous area of the abdominal wall | linea alba
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| linea alba | consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle
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| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm
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| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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