Chapter 6 Muscle
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| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility
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| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability
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| the ability to be stretched | extensibility
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| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity
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| each skeletal muscle surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium
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| another connected tissue located outside the epimysium | fascia
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| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | muscle fasciculi (fascicle)
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| single muscle cells that composes the fasciculi | fibers
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| connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber | endomysium
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| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils
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| myofibrils consist of2 major kinds of protein fiers | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| thick myofilaments | myosin
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| thin myofilaments | actin
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| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | myofibrils
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| buttocks | gluteus maximus
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| chest muscle | pectoral muscle
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| back muscle | latissimus dorsi
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| anterior thigh muscle | quadriceps femoris
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| posterior thigh muscle | hamstrings
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| muscle responsible for smiling | zygomaticus
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| muscle responsible for sneering | levator labii superioris
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| muscle responsile for frowning | depressor anguli oris
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| closes the eyelid | orbicularis oculi
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| puckers the mouth | orbicularis oris
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| flattens the cheeks | buccinator
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| What does ATP mean | adenosine triphosphate
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| what is ATP needed for | energy for muscle contraction
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| produced in the mitochondria | ATP
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| short-lived and unstable | ATP
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| one muscles plays a major role in a desired movement | prime mover
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| muscles that work opposite of eachother | antagonists
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| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists
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| portion or the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly
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| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion
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| orgin | (head) the most stationary end of the muscle
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| slow- twitch fibers | contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| fast- twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| constant tensions of muscles | muscle tone
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| amount of tension produced is constant but length of the muscle changes | isotonic
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| the length of the muscle doesn't change but the tension increases during the contraction process | isometric.
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| ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than is can be produced | muscle fatigue
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| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| high energy molecule besides ATP | creatine phosphate
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| basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | sarcomere
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| each sarcomere extends from | one Z line to another Z line
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| has a banded appearance | actin and myosin
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| light area next to the Z line | I band
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| The I band consists of | Actin
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| In the center of each sarcomere is another light area called | H zone
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| The H zone only consists of | Myosin
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| myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called | M line
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| The outside of the cell membrane is | positively charged
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| the inside of the cell membrane is | negatively charged
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| change difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential
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| When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics | change breifly
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| the brief reversal back of the charge is called | action ptential
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| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor nuerons
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| Axons enter the | muscles and branch
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| each branch that connects to the muscle forms a | nueromuscular juction or synapse
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| a single motor neuron | motor unit
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| Many motor units form a | single muscle
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| a neuromusclular junction is formed by | an enlarged nerve terminal
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| the enlarged terminal is the | presynaptic terminal
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the | synaptic cleft
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| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine
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| occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing sarcomeres to shorten | muscle contraction
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| when the sarcomeres shorten is causes the muscles to | shorten
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| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | threshold
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| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is called the | lag phase
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| the time of contraction | contraction phase
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| the time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase
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