JAHKMLHS Chapter 23 Industrialization and Nationalism
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| enclosure movement laws | legal process in which a number of small landholdings were combined to create one larger farm whose land was no longer available for communal use
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| capital | money available for investments
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| entrepreneur | person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits
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| cottage industry | method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes
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| puddling | process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron
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| industrial capitalism | economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing
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| Factory Act of 1833 | set nine as the minimum age for employment and limited hours for older children
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| socialism | system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls the means of production
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| Karl Marx | believed that capitalism contained the seeds of its own destruction and that Communism was the inevitable end
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| James Hargreaves | invented a machine called the spinning jenny which made the spinning process much faster
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| James Watt | made changes in the steam engine that enabled the engine to drive machinery
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| Robert Owen | utopian socialist who believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment
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| Henry Cort | discoverer of the puddling process for converting pig iron into wrought iron
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| Richard Trevithick | harnessed high-pressure steam and constructed the world’s first steam railway locomotive in 1803
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| Robert Fulton | “father of steam navigation” because he made steamboats a commercial success
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| universal male suffrage | right of all men to vote in elections
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| multinational empire | a group of states or countries in which people of many ethnicities live
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| Frankfurt Assembly | prepared a constitution for a newly united Germany
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| Chamber of Deputies | lower chamber of the French Parliament, elected by census suffrage from 1814 to 1848
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| militarism | policy of a glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared at all times.
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| Kaiser | German for “caesar”; the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire
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| Otto von Bismarck | “Iron Chancellor” who manipulated European rivalries to make Germany a world power
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| plebiscite | popular vote
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| regime | government in power
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| emancipation | act of setting free
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| unification | act, process, or result of making into a coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being united
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| Giuseppe Garibaldi | with an army of 1,000 "Red Shirts" this man captured Palermo and by September had crossed over to the mainland and captured Naples making him master of southern Italy and Sicily
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| Alexander II | convinced by the Crimean War that reform was essential to keep pace with the West this ruler emancipated of the Serfs
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| Compromise of 1867 | created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
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| romanticism | intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing
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| secularization | indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration
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| natural selection | principle that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others
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| realism | mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was
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| Gustav Flaubert | perfected the realist novel; author of Madame Bovary
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| Charles Dickens | showed realities of life for the lower and middle classes in novels such as Oliver Twist and David Copperfield
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| Charles Darwin | promoted the idea that man, as well as other animals, has evolved over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life
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| Louis Pasteur | proposed the germ theory of disease
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| Dmitry Mendeleyev | classified all the material elements then known on the basis of the atomic weights
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| Michael Faraday | primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of electric current
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