HSF II Cardio IV
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| Perfusion | when blood flows through vasculature down a pressure gradient
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| Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) | standard measure of the perfusion pressure gradient, what causes the blood to flow and the tissues to be adequately perfused, regulated by cardiac reflexes
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| Cardiac Reflexes | neural and hormonal, short and long term, effectors are heart, vasculature, and blood
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| Cardiac Output (CO) | measure of the work of the heart as a pump, volume of blood from a ventricle in 1 minute, CO = SV x HR, therefore, your whole blood volume goes through the heart in 1min
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| Cardiac Reserve | limits of how much the CO can change to accommodate changing demands. Difference between normal resting CO and a maximal CO, normal 300-400%
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| Chronotropic | change the heart rate
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| Inotropic | change the contractility of the myocardium i.e. strength of contraction
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| Parasympathetic innervation | SA and AV nodes, Cranial nerve X/vagus nerve, pacemaker cells in intrinsic conducting system. ACh, negative chronotropic effect
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| Sympathetic innervation | SA and AV nodes, and contractile cardiomyocytes
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| Parasympathetic mechanism | ACh affect slope of prepotential in pacemaker cells. muscarinic M1 receptors, let out K+ and prevent Ca++ and Na+ in.
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| Sympathetic mechanism | NE affect slope of prepotential of pacemaker cardiomyocytes, B1 receptors of autorhythmic cells, increase Na+ and Ca++ influx, increase rate of depolarization
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| Epinephrine on B1 receptors | sympathetic innervation, increases cytostolic Ca++ levels, increase Ca++ binding to troponin for increased crossbridges, increased contractility
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| Autonomic Tone | continuous activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and the level of activity at a given rate of firing
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| Perfusion | occurs as blood flows through the vasculature down a pressure gradient
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| Elastic Arteries | maintain pressure produced during ventricular systole when the heart is not contracting. Diastolic pressure comes from elastic recoil
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| Muscular Arteries | conducting vessels, non-compliant that move blood toward other tissues ASAP
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| Skeletal Muscle Pump | contraction of skeletal muscle pushes blood back toward the heart
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| Venous valves | prevent backflow
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| 3 Factors on Resistance | blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius
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| Baroreceptors | carotid and aortic sinus, detect blood pressure/stretch, neural reflex arc. Sinuses are embedded in the smooth muscle of the artery, elastic arteries
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| Carotid Sinus | afferent pathway, visceral sensory NIX, in bifurcation of the carotid artery
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| Aortic Sinus | afferent pathway, visceral sensory NX, aortic arch
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| Medulla Oblongata | integrator of NIX/NX afferent fibers from baroreceptors. Has Cardiac control center CAC, CIC, VMC
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| Cardiac Control Center | CAC (cardiac accelerator center, symp), CIC (cardiac inhibitor center, parasymp), VMC (vasomotor center, symp)
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| CAC | cardiac accelerator center, sympathetic efferent, innervate peripherally to the heart and blood vessels
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| CAC Sympathetic Efferent Innervation | pass peripherally to innervate the heart and blood vessels
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| Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation | pacemaker and contractile cardiomyocytes, positive chronotropic and inotropic effects
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| VMC Sympathetic Efferent Innervation | pass peripherally to innervate blood vessels, arterioles and media of veins
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| CIC Parasympathetic Innvervation | innervate the intrinsic conduction system, has negative chronotropic and limited negative inotropic effects. Decrease CO
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| Chemoreceptors | (carotid and aortic bodies), detect decreased O2 and increased CO2 and decreased pH
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| +Chronotropic Hormones | EP, NEP, thyroid hormones via effects on the SA node, increase HR
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| +Inotropic Hormones | EP, NEP, thyroid hormones, glucagon, increase SV
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| Hormones that regulate CV Function | EP and NEP
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| Hormones that affect CV Function | thyroid hormones and glucagon
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| Baro-and Chemoreceptor Reflexes on decreased MAP | rapid and short-term responses
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| Hormonal Reflexes on decreased MAP | short- and long term responses
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| RAAS | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, activation increases MAP, working together in kidneys, body's most important short and long term endocrine blood pressure regulation system
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| Two Basic Mechanisms for Regulating Blood Pressure | short-term: regulate blood vessel diameter, HR, and contractility. Long-term: regulate blood volume
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| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | in kidney, source of renin, made of macula densa and JG (granular cells
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| Macula Densa | in juxtaglomerular apparatus, detect changes in MAP
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| JG Cells | in arterioles of juxtaglomerular apparatus, secrete renin in response to decreased MAP
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| Stimuli that increase Renin secretion | All indicative of decreased MAP: 1. decreased MAP or blood volume, 2. decreased Na+ in filtrate, 3. decreased flow of filtrate, 4. increased sympathetic stimulation.
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