bones
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| skeletal system mechanical functions: | Framework, proteccts, movement (acts as rigid bar in a lever) sound transduction.
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| skeletal system synthetic functions: | hematopoiesis (blood production)
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| skeletal system metabolic functions: | stores minerals (ca, P, Mg,stores adipose fat in medullary cavity of long bones,acid-base balance-bones release & absorb alkaline salts that keep ph balanced...., detoxify blood-absorb heavy metals from blood and release them later.
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| number of bones in a fetus | 270 that ultimately fuse to 206 total bones.
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| what two sub divisions is the skel system comprised of: | axial made up of 80 bones, and appendicular made up of 126.
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| Long bones | humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
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| short bones | carpals and tarsals
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| flat bones | cranials, sternum, rib cage, scapula
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| irregular bones | facial, vertebrae, coceyx, hips
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| sesamoid | bones are wrapped in connective tissue, knee cap,,,patella
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| wormian or sutural bone | extra bones found between the sutures of cranial bone. predominantly between the parietal and occipital bones.
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| bone ossification origin: | during gastula stage of embryological dev. (3 wks after conc.) 3 germ layers are formed from which all organs are derived.
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| 3 germ layers include (superior to inferior) | ectodermmesodermendoderm
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| bones are derived from what layer? | mesodermal layer (some of the mesodermal cells differentiate to form mesenchymal cells.
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| once thhe osteoblast is formed it will establish what? | bone tissue
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| what is the embryonic skeleton comprised of: | hyaline cartilage (avascular no blood)fibrous cartilage (highly vascularized lots of blood)
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| when does the ossification process begin and end? | 6th and 7th week of prenatal life and is not complete until adulthood.
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| endochondral ossification | converts hyaline cartilage to bonemost common ossification processalmost every bone is formed this way
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| intramembranous ossification | converts the highly vascularized fibrous connective tissue to bone. least common ossif processforms cranial bones, mandible, and clavicles.
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| what is bone comprised of: | bone tissue
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| what is bone tissue comprised of: | matrix & cells
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| matrix | 25% h20 25% collagen adds flexability to bone50% mineral salts (hydroxyapatite, ca2 Co3-they both add hardness to bone.
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| what are the bone tissue cells | osteoprogenitorosteoblastosteocyteosteoclast
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| Osteoprogenitor | derived from mesenchymal cellsdifferentiate into osteoblasts
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| Osteoblast | immature bone cellderived from osteoprogenitoris a boone establishing cell (lays down the matrix of bone once the matrix is established it entraps inself in a space called a lacuna and converts to osteocyte
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| osteocyte | mature bone cellmaintains the viability of the bone tissue via the dev of long appendages called canaliculi- caniculi are capillary like structure that permit an osteocyte to communicate w/ other osteocyte also nutrient and waste exchange between
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| osteoclast | derived from wbca bone resorption or break down cell largest bone cell and has multinucleation & vacoules that contain acids and enzymes to break down bone
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| epiphysis | comprises of outer compact and inner cancellous bone.covered by articulating hyaline cartilage prevents bone rub.
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| metaphysis | area between epiphyses and diaphysishouses the epiphseal growth plate site of endochondrial ossif for first 21 yearsof life
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| diaphysis | make up of compact bone.houses the cavit that contains yellow marrowhouses nutrient famina that allow blood and lymph vessel to access bone.
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| periosteum | highly vascularized conn tissue.covers all bone with exception of the articulating cartilage on the epiphysesconsist of 2 layers. outer layer is called fibrous peristeum
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| what acts as an attchment site for muscles via tendons | periosteum
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| periosteum | inner layer is called osteogenic layer provides bone cells blood and lymph supply to bone that enter thru nutrient foramina in diaphysis.
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| perichondrium | highly vascularized conn tissue and surrounds the articulating hyaline cart of epiphysisprovides blood supply to avascular hyaline cart.
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