Hormones from endocrine and CV I/IIR
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| NO | Nitric Oxide, vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation
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| Prostacyclin (PGI2) | inhibits platelet aggregation, eicosinoid, repels platelets from vessel walls
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| CD39 (an ADPase) | inhibit platelet aggregation
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| Heparin | anticoagulant, inhibiting thrombin, in endothelial cells, paired with antithrombin III affect factors II and X
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| vWF | van Willebrand Factor, procoagulant, binds and prevents degradation of factor VIII. Platelets activate membrane receptors. Circulating and in subendothelium
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| Endothelins | proteins/cytokines that constrict blood vessels
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| Fibrinogen | inactive factor I, fibrin is active factor I, binds to platelet membrane receptor activated by vWF
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| Serotonin (5-HT) | one of three factors in platelet plug formation, also a vasoconstrictor/binds to smooth muscle
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| ADP | one of three factors in platelet plug formation enhance platelet plug formation
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| Thromboxane A2 | prostaglandin/eicosinoid, one of three factors in platelet plug formation, vasoconstrictor
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| Ca++ Ions | required for thrombus formation, in plasma phase of hemostasis
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| PF3 | Platelet Factor 3 , needed for plasma phase of hemostasis
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| Factor I | fibrinogen, protein from liver
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| Factor II | prothrombin, protein from liver, requires Vitamin K
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| Factor III | Tissue Factor, lipoprotein from damaged tissue/activated platelets. activates VII, which activates X. enters blood from outside
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| Factor IV | Ca++ ion, from bone, diet, platelets
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| Factor V | Proaccelerin, protein, from liver platelets
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| Factor VI | no longer used
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| Factor VII | Proconvertin, protein, from liver, requires Vitamin K, activates X, extrinsic pathway
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| Factor VIII | antihemophilic, protein factor (AHF), from platelets and endothelial cells
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| Factor IX | plasma thromboplastin, protein factor, from liver requires vitamin K
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| Factor X | Stuart-Power Factor, protein, from liver requires vitamin K, prothrombinase, where extrinsic and intrinsic pathways meet
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| Factor XI | plasma thromboplastin, protein antecedent (PTA), from liver
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| Factor XII | Hageman factor, protein, from liver, activated when it contacts subendothelial tissues
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| Factor XIII | Fibrin-stabilizing, protein factor (FSF), enzyme from liver and platelets, stabilizes clot by cross-linking fibrin strands
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| Vitamin K | required for liver to synthesize Factors II, VII, IX, X
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| Hemophilia A | lack of VIII, dependent on vWF, sex linked, males are active expressers, females are heterozygous
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| Hemophilia B |
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| Hemophilia A | lack of VIII, dependent on vWF, sex linked, males are active expressers, females are heterozygous
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| Hemophilia B | lack of factor IX, what ended up in the Romanov family
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| Hemophilia C | lack of factor X, not sex linked, almost always found of eastern European/Jewish decent
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| Thrombin | Factor II, strongly stimulates earlier portions of the cascade, positive feedback loops. catalyzes polymerization of fibrin
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| Antithrombin III | inhibits many clotting factors, most notably X and II, protein from liver , paired with herparin affect Factors II and X
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| Thrombomodulin | membrane protein in endothelial cells, binds with thrombin to decrease level of thrombin and inhibit clotting
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| Protein C | thrombomodulin-thrombin complex activates protein C which combines with protein S, inactivating factors V and VIII
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| Plasmin | active form of plasminogen, activated by XI, XII, tissue plasminogen activator. promotes fribrinolysis
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| Clot Busters | frequently proteolytic enzymes that cleave fibrin and allow trapped cells to escape
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| Aldosterone | steroid hormone from zona glomerulosa regulates K+
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| Cytokines | produced by non-classically endocrine organs or tissues
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| Amino Acid Derivative Hormones | tryptophan, tyrosine = catecholamines, peptides. Derived from amino acids
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| Lipid Derivative Hormones | steroid hormones, eicosinoids
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| Eicosinoids | derivatives of membrane phospholipids , parent molecule is arachidonic acid. Four eicosinoids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes
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| Steroid Hormones | cholesterol is parent compound
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| Phospholipase A | acts on membrane phospholipids to produce arachidonic acid.
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| Arachidonic Acid | parent molecule for eicosinoids
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| Cyclooxygenases | eicosinoids by COX-1 and COX-2 pathways: prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes
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| Lipoxygenase | leukotrienes, not produced by endocrine organs
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| Leukotrienes | involved in asthmatic and allergic reactions and act to sustain inflammatory reactions
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| Amino Acid and Peptide Hormones | functional <1 hour, usually not complexed with transport protein, quickly degraded: hydrophilic, lipophobic, and polar. not membrane diffusable
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| Thyroid and Steroid Hormones | circulate much longer, >99% become attached to transport protein thus larger reserve in blood: hydrophobic, lipophilic, and nonpolar. membrane diffusable
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| Parathyroid Hormone | from parathyroid principle (chief) cells, increases Ca++ blood concentration, targets kidney, and bone
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| Melatonin | from pineal pinealocytes and a derivative of amino acid tryptophan, from when it gets dark. has antioxidant activity and immune function
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| ADH | peptide neurohormone, known as vasopressin, from posterior pituitary, targets kidney for blood volume and pressure
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| Oxytocin | neurohormone, from posterior pituitary, target tissues not endocrine, primary effects parturition and lactation
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| Tropic Hormones | control activity of other endocrine glands
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| Six Hormones from Anterior Pituitary | ACTH (adrenocortico-tropic hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), LH (leutinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), prolactin, GH (growth hormone)
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| Thyroglobulin | synthesized by follicular cells, precursor to thyroid hormones, stored in follicle as a gelatinous colloid
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| T3 | triiodothyronine, made from tyrosine and iodine, stimulates growth related processes in general and osteogenesis in particular. receptor located in nucleus or cytoplasm
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| T4 | thyroxine, from tyrosine and iodine, converted to T3 in blood
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| Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG) | transports T3
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| Calcitonin | made in parafollicular/C cells, targets bone/kidneys, decreases Ca concentrations in body fluids, opposed by PTH
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| ACTH | adrencorticotropic hormone, targets adrenal gland zona fasciculata, increases cortisol
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| Cortisol | promotes gluconeogenesis, has effects on immune system
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| CRH | corticotropin releasing hormone, stimulates ACTH to go to kidney to increase cortisol
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| DHEA | dehydroepiandrosterone, primary androgen secreted by zona reticularis, a steroid precursor to testosterone, calls for secondary sex characteristics in males
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| hGH | somatotropin, direct effects are anabolic, releasing energy, and stimulating growth, indirect effects mediated by somatomedins
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| Somatomedins | liver hormones stimulated by hGH
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| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor, most important somatomedin, associated with osteogenesis, strong effect on cartilage, bone, and skeletal muscle growth
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| LH | leutinizing hormone, develops from the ovulating follicle –binds to leydig/interstitial cells to secrete testosterone in males
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| FSH | follicle stimulating hormone, gamete production ova/sperm, target seminiferous tubule nurse cells in males, meiotic divisions for haploid sperm
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| Albuminss | maintaining partitioning of water between plasma and interstitial fluid
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| Alpha and Beta Globulins | enzymatic activity and/or are transport proteins, made in liver
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| Gamma globulins | antibodies, made by plasma cells, lymphocytes
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| Hemoglobin | protein A2B2 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups
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| EPO | erythropoieton, made by peritubular fibroblasts of the renal cortex, regulating RBC numbers, causing myeloid stem cells to turn into RBCs
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| Transferrin | transports Fe in and out of the liver
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| Bilirubin | Fe deficient hemoglobin, released into blood causing plasma to be yellow
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| Bile | incorporates bilirubin, essential for proper absorption of dietary lipids
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