Anatomy Lab 4
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| coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus | runs around the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles
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| anterior interventricular sulcus | one of two grooves that separates the heart ventricles; situated on the sternocoastal surface of the heart; anterior interventricular artery runs through here
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| posterior interventricular sulcus | one of the two grooves that separates the heart ventricles; situated on the diaphragmatic surface; posterior interventricular artery runs through here
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| sternocostal (anterior) surface | formed mainly by the right ventricle
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| diaphragmatic (inferior) surface | formed mainly by the left ventricle and a small part of the right ventricle
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| left pulmonary surface | formed mainly by the left ventricle; is in contact with the cardiac impression of the left lung
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| surfaces of the heart | sternocostal, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary
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| right pulmonary surface | formed mainly by the right atrium
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| what landmarks mark the boundaries of the four chambers of the heart? | coronary sulcus and interventricular sulci
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| left coronary artery divides into? | anterior interventricular branch (aka left anterior descending artery or LAD) and circumflex branch
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| right coronary artery divides into? | right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch
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| what is the crux of the heart? | the point where the posterior interventricular sulcus meets the coronary sulcus
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| pectinate muscles | muscles of the atrial wall; are horizontal ridges of muscle
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| crista terminalis | a vertical ridge of muslce that connects the pectinate muscles; found on inner surface of anterior wall of right atrium; separates the smooth and rough parts of the RA; presents externally as a shallow groove called sulcus terminalis
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| Structures located at the posterior wall of the right atrium | opening of the superior vena cava
opening and valve of the inferior vena cava
opening and valve of the coronary sinus
fossa ovalis and the limbus fossa ovalis
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| location of sinuatrial node | lies at superior end of the crista terminalis at the junction between the right atrium and the superior vena cava
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| location of atrioventricular node | located in the interatrial septum, above the opening of the coronary sinus
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| boundaries of the superior mediastinum | superior - superior thoracic aperature
posterior - bodies of vertebrae T1 - T4
anterior - manubrium of sternum
lateral - mediastinal pleurae (left and right)
inferior - plane of the sternal angle
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| what is the path of the arch of azygos vein? | passes superior to the root of the right lung and drains into the posterior surface of the superior vena cava
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| how do the phrenic nerves run relative to the roots of the lungs? what other nerves are they bundled with? what do they innervate? | both the right and left phrenic nerves pass anterior to the roots of the lungs, they accompany the pericardiocophrenic vessels and enter the superior surface of the diaphram
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| what 3 arteries arise from the arch of the aorta? | brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
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| ligamentum arteriosum | a fibrous cord that connects the arch of aorta to the left pulmonary artery
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| where does the trachea bifurcate? | at the plane of the sternal angle
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| boundaries of the posterior mediastinum | superior - plane of the sternal angle
posterior - bodies of vertebrae T5 - T12
anterior - pericardium
lateral - mediastinal pleurae (left and right)
inferior - diaphram
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| location of thoracic duct | lies immediately to the left of the azygos vein and is posterior to the esophagus
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| route of the thoracic duct | inferiorly it passes through the diaphram with the thoracic aorta;
superiorly it terminates by draining into the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
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| aortic valve | 3 semilunar cusps (right, left, posterior aka noncoronary); behind each cusp is a small pocket called an aortic sinus
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| coronary sinus on diaphragmatic surface of heart | a dilated portion of the venous system of the heart that is located in the coronary sulcus; is 2-2.5cm long and opens into RA
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| anterior cardiac viens | bridge the atrioventricular sulcus between the RA and RV; drain the anterior wall of RV directly into the RA; pass superficial to the right coronary artery; unlike most of the veins of the heart, it is NOT a tributary to the coronary sinus
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| Left anterior descending artery (LAD) | aka anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery; it accompanies the great cardiac vein
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| Circumflex branch of left coronary artery | has several unnamed branches that supply the posterior wall of the LV; accompanies the coronary sinus in the coronary sulcus
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| Right coronary artery | beginning of this artery is in the coronary sulcus between the right auricle and ascending aorta
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| Anterior right atrial branch of right coronary artery | arises close to the origin of the right coronary artery and ascends along the anterior wall of the RA toward the superior vena cava; gives rise to the sinoatrial (SA) nodal branch which supplies the SA node
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| Right marginal branch of right coronary artery | usually arises near the inferior border of the heart; accompanies the small cardiac vein along the inferior border of the heart
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| Posterior interventricular branch/artery | courses along the posterior interventricular sulcus to the heart apex and anastomoses with the anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery; accompanies the middle cardiac vein
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| Artery to the atrioventricular node | arises from the right coronary artery at the crux of the heart (the point where the posterior interventricular sulcus meets the coronary sulcus)
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| Conducting system of the heart | Impulses from SA node pass through RA wall to the AV node. Impulses from AV node pass in the AV bundle through the membranous IV septum. AV bundle divides into R and L bundles on either side of the muscular IV septum and stimulate ventricular contraction
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| Interventricular septum | separates the heart ventricles; has a muscular part and membranous part
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| Right atrioventricular valve aka Tricuspid valve | lies between the RA and RV; prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium; has 3 cusps (anterior, septal, posterior)
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| Chordae tendineae | “heart strings” – attaches the free edge of each tricuspid valve cusp to the papillary muscles
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| Papillary muscles | arise from the walls of the right ventricle; 3 muscles: anterior (largest), septal (very small, may be multiple), posterior; chordae tendineae of each papillary muscle attach to the adjacent sides of two valve cusps
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| Trabeculae carneae | muscular ridges on the inner surface of right ventricular wall
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| Septomarginal trabecular (moderator band) | extends from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle; contains part of the right bundle of the conducting system which stimulates the anterior papillary muscle
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| conus arteriosus (infundibulum) | cone-shaped portion of the RV inferior to the opening of the pulmonary trunk; its inner wall is smooth
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| pulmonary valve | lies between RV and pulmonary artery; has 3 semilunar cusps: anterior, right, left
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| fibrous nodule and two lunules | each semilunar valve cusp has these; they help to seal the valve cusps and prevent backflow of blood during diastole
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| 4 pulmonary veins | arranged in pairs, 2 from each lung that drain oxygenated blood into the LA; has 2 cupsps (anterior, posterior)
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| Features of the left atrium | valve of the foramen ovale on the interatrial septum
openign into the left auricle
opening of the left atrioventricular valve
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| Left Atrioventricular valve | aka mitral aka bicuspid valve; lies between LA and LV
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| thymus | active lymphatic organ in a newborn, gets replaced by CT and fat after puberty. in adults lies immediately posterior to the manubrium of the sternum
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| superior vena cava | carries deoxy blood from head and upper extremities back to heart; formed by the meeting of the R and L brachiocephalic veins; passes anterior to the root of the right lung
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| R and L brachiocephalic veins | formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein at the root of the neck posterior to the sternoclavicular joint; L brachiocephalic vein is usually longer than the R
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| azygos vein | unilateral vessel that ascends in the thorax to the right side of the vertebral column; transports deoxy blood from the posterior thorax and abs into the superior vena cava
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| R brachiocephalic vein | receives lymph from right lymph duct; accompanied by the right phrenic vein
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| L brachiocephalic vein | 2x longer than the right; runs obliquely down and behind the manubrium, crosses roots of 3 major branches of aorta; receives lymph from thoracic duct
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| Aortic arch | begins at 2nd right sternocostal joint and arches superiorly to the left; anterior to the R pulmonary artery and bifurcation of trachea; passes over root of R lung; ends at T4 body of vertebra
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| Ascending aorta | begins at aortic orifice; ascends to 2nd right sternocostal joint
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| Recurrent laryngeal nerve | there are 2 of them (R and L); is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscles
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| Path of R vagus nerve | enters thorax anterior to right subclavian artery, descends on right side of trachea, passes posterior to root of R lung, continues to esophagus and to the abdomen
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| Path of L vagus nerve | enters mediastinum between L common carotid and L subclavian arteries, descends with L phrenic nerve to aortic arch, passes posterior root of L lung, continues as single nerve to esophagus (its fibers contribute to the esophageal plexus) and to the abs
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| Tracheobronchial lymph nodes | found in the posterior mediastinum; are some of the lymph nodes that surround the esophagus; located around the trachea near its bifurcation
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| Tracheal rings | C-shaped rings of cartilage that support the trachea; the open part of the "C" is located posteriorly
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| Carina | a ridge of cartilage found on the inner surface of the tracheal bifurcation
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| Oblique pericardial sinus | a wide recess in the posterior wall of the pericardial sac; bound laterally by entrance of the pulmonary veins and vound inferiorly by the orifice of the inferior vena cava
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| Esophagus | muscular tube that sits to the right of the midline; lies immediately posterior to the left atrium/ventricle
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| Thoracic aorta | arterial vascular supply of the esophagus; a continuation of the descending aorta and contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity
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| Esophageal plexus of nerves | covers the surface of the esophagus; innervates the inferior portion of the esophagus; forms the anterior and posterior vagal trunks
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| Vagal trunks | found on the inferior part of the esophagus just before it passes through the diaphragm with the esophagus and innervate a large part of the GI tract
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| posterior intercostal veins |
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| Route of thoracic duct | Inferiorly it passes through the diaphragm with the thoracic aorta; superiorly it terminates by draining into the junction of the L internal jugular vein and L subclavain vein; crosses anterior surface of R posterior intercostal arteries & hemizygos vein
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| Hemizygos vein and accessory hemizygos veins | Cross the bodies of the 8-9th thoracic vertebrae and terminate by draining into the azygous vein
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| Intercostal nerve | arise from the ventral rami of the upper 11 thoracic spinal nerves; each divides to give a lateral cutaneous branch near the midaxillary line
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| Sympthathetic trunk | on both sides of the thorax; inferiorly it crosses the heads of ribs 2-9; inferior to rib 9 it lies more anteriorly on the sides of the thoracic vertebral bodies; it has 1 sympathetic ganglion for each thoracic vertebral level
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| 2 rami communicantes | white and gray ramus communicans; connects each intercostal nerve with its corresponding thoracic sympathetic ganglion; impossible to distinguish from each other based on color but the more lateral of the two is the white ramus
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| Greater splanchnic nerve | arises from the sympathetic trunk; found on the sides of vertebral bodies T5-T9; the sympathetic trunk is located posterior to the greater splanchnic nerves
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| Lesser splanchinic nerves | arises from 10-11th thoracic sympathetic ganglia; the least splanchnic nerve arises from the 12th
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