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Anatomy Lab 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus | runs around the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles |
| anterior interventricular sulcus | one of two grooves that separates the heart ventricles; situated on the sternocoastal surface of the heart; anterior interventricular artery runs through here |
| posterior interventricular sulcus | one of the two grooves that separates the heart ventricles; situated on the diaphragmatic surface; posterior interventricular artery runs through here |
| sternocostal (anterior) surface | formed mainly by the right ventricle |
| diaphragmatic (inferior) surface | formed mainly by the left ventricle and a small part of the right ventricle |
| left pulmonary surface | formed mainly by the left ventricle; is in contact with the cardiac impression of the left lung |
| surfaces of the heart | sternocostal, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary |
| right pulmonary surface | formed mainly by the right atrium |
| what landmarks mark the boundaries of the four chambers of the heart? | coronary sulcus and interventricular sulci |
| left coronary artery divides into? | anterior interventricular branch (aka left anterior descending artery or LAD) and circumflex branch |
| right coronary artery divides into? | right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch |
| what is the crux of the heart? | the point where the posterior interventricular sulcus meets the coronary sulcus |
| pectinate muscles | muscles of the atrial wall; are horizontal ridges of muscle |
| crista terminalis | a vertical ridge of muslce that connects the pectinate muscles; found on inner surface of anterior wall of right atrium; separates the smooth and rough parts of the RA; presents externally as a shallow groove called sulcus terminalis |
| Structures located at the posterior wall of the right atrium | opening of the superior vena cava opening and valve of the inferior vena cava opening and valve of the coronary sinus fossa ovalis and the limbus fossa ovalis |
| location of sinuatrial node | lies at superior end of the crista terminalis at the junction between the right atrium and the superior vena cava |
| location of atrioventricular node | located in the interatrial septum, above the opening of the coronary sinus |
| boundaries of the superior mediastinum | superior - superior thoracic aperature posterior - bodies of vertebrae T1 - T4 anterior - manubrium of sternum lateral - mediastinal pleurae (left and right) inferior - plane of the sternal angle |
| what is the path of the arch of azygos vein? | passes superior to the root of the right lung and drains into the posterior surface of the superior vena cava |
| how do the phrenic nerves run relative to the roots of the lungs? what other nerves are they bundled with? what do they innervate? | both the right and left phrenic nerves pass anterior to the roots of the lungs, they accompany the pericardiocophrenic vessels and enter the superior surface of the diaphram |
| what 3 arteries arise from the arch of the aorta? | brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid artery left subclavian artery |
| ligamentum arteriosum | a fibrous cord that connects the arch of aorta to the left pulmonary artery |
| where does the trachea bifurcate? | at the plane of the sternal angle |
| boundaries of the posterior mediastinum | superior - plane of the sternal angle posterior - bodies of vertebrae T5 - T12 anterior - pericardium lateral - mediastinal pleurae (left and right) inferior - diaphram |
| location of thoracic duct | lies immediately to the left of the azygos vein and is posterior to the esophagus |
| route of the thoracic duct | inferiorly it passes through the diaphram with the thoracic aorta; superiorly it terminates by draining into the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein |
| aortic valve | 3 semilunar cusps (right, left, posterior aka noncoronary); behind each cusp is a small pocket called an aortic sinus |
| coronary sinus on diaphragmatic surface of heart | a dilated portion of the venous system of the heart that is located in the coronary sulcus; is 2-2.5cm long and opens into RA |
| anterior cardiac viens | bridge the atrioventricular sulcus between the RA and RV; drain the anterior wall of RV directly into the RA; pass superficial to the right coronary artery; unlike most of the veins of the heart, it is NOT a tributary to the coronary sinus |
| Left anterior descending artery (LAD) | aka anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery; it accompanies the great cardiac vein |
| Circumflex branch of left coronary artery | has several unnamed branches that supply the posterior wall of the LV; accompanies the coronary sinus in the coronary sulcus |
| Right coronary artery | beginning of this artery is in the coronary sulcus between the right auricle and ascending aorta |
| Anterior right atrial branch of right coronary artery | arises close to the origin of the right coronary artery and ascends along the anterior wall of the RA toward the superior vena cava; gives rise to the sinoatrial (SA) nodal branch which supplies the SA node |
| Right marginal branch of right coronary artery | usually arises near the inferior border of the heart; accompanies the small cardiac vein along the inferior border of the heart |
| Posterior interventricular branch/artery | courses along the posterior interventricular sulcus to the heart apex and anastomoses with the anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery; accompanies the middle cardiac vein |
| Artery to the atrioventricular node | arises from the right coronary artery at the crux of the heart (the point where the posterior interventricular sulcus meets the coronary sulcus) |
| Conducting system of the heart | Impulses from SA node pass through RA wall to the AV node. Impulses from AV node pass in the AV bundle through the membranous IV septum. AV bundle divides into R and L bundles on either side of the muscular IV septum and stimulate ventricular contraction |
| Interventricular septum | separates the heart ventricles; has a muscular part and membranous part |
| Right atrioventricular valve aka Tricuspid valve | lies between the RA and RV; prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium; has 3 cusps (anterior, septal, posterior) |
| Chordae tendineae | “heart strings” – attaches the free edge of each tricuspid valve cusp to the papillary muscles |
| Papillary muscles | arise from the walls of the right ventricle; 3 muscles: anterior (largest), septal (very small, may be multiple), posterior; chordae tendineae of each papillary muscle attach to the adjacent sides of two valve cusps |
| Trabeculae carneae | muscular ridges on the inner surface of right ventricular wall |
| Septomarginal trabecular (moderator band) | extends from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle; contains part of the right bundle of the conducting system which stimulates the anterior papillary muscle |
| conus arteriosus (infundibulum) | cone-shaped portion of the RV inferior to the opening of the pulmonary trunk; its inner wall is smooth |
| pulmonary valve | lies between RV and pulmonary artery; has 3 semilunar cusps: anterior, right, left |
| fibrous nodule and two lunules | each semilunar valve cusp has these; they help to seal the valve cusps and prevent backflow of blood during diastole |
| 4 pulmonary veins | arranged in pairs, 2 from each lung that drain oxygenated blood into the LA; has 2 cupsps (anterior, posterior) |
| Features of the left atrium | valve of the foramen ovale on the interatrial septum openign into the left auricle opening of the left atrioventricular valve |
| Left Atrioventricular valve | aka mitral aka bicuspid valve; lies between LA and LV |
| thymus | active lymphatic organ in a newborn, gets replaced by CT and fat after puberty. in adults lies immediately posterior to the manubrium of the sternum |
| superior vena cava | carries deoxy blood from head and upper extremities back to heart; formed by the meeting of the R and L brachiocephalic veins; passes anterior to the root of the right lung |
| R and L brachiocephalic veins | formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein at the root of the neck posterior to the sternoclavicular joint; L brachiocephalic vein is usually longer than the R |
| azygos vein | unilateral vessel that ascends in the thorax to the right side of the vertebral column; transports deoxy blood from the posterior thorax and abs into the superior vena cava |
| R brachiocephalic vein | receives lymph from right lymph duct; accompanied by the right phrenic vein |
| L brachiocephalic vein | 2x longer than the right; runs obliquely down and behind the manubrium, crosses roots of 3 major branches of aorta; receives lymph from thoracic duct |
| Aortic arch | begins at 2nd right sternocostal joint and arches superiorly to the left; anterior to the R pulmonary artery and bifurcation of trachea; passes over root of R lung; ends at T4 body of vertebra |
| Ascending aorta | begins at aortic orifice; ascends to 2nd right sternocostal joint |
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve | there are 2 of them (R and L); is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscles |
| Path of R vagus nerve | enters thorax anterior to right subclavian artery, descends on right side of trachea, passes posterior to root of R lung, continues to esophagus and to the abdomen |
| Path of L vagus nerve | enters mediastinum between L common carotid and L subclavian arteries, descends with L phrenic nerve to aortic arch, passes posterior root of L lung, continues as single nerve to esophagus (its fibers contribute to the esophageal plexus) and to the abs |
| Tracheobronchial lymph nodes | found in the posterior mediastinum; are some of the lymph nodes that surround the esophagus; located around the trachea near its bifurcation |
| Tracheal rings | C-shaped rings of cartilage that support the trachea; the open part of the "C" is located posteriorly |
| Carina | a ridge of cartilage found on the inner surface of the tracheal bifurcation |
| Oblique pericardial sinus | a wide recess in the posterior wall of the pericardial sac; bound laterally by entrance of the pulmonary veins and vound inferiorly by the orifice of the inferior vena cava |
| Esophagus | muscular tube that sits to the right of the midline; lies immediately posterior to the left atrium/ventricle |
| Thoracic aorta | arterial vascular supply of the esophagus; a continuation of the descending aorta and contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity |
| Esophageal plexus of nerves | covers the surface of the esophagus; innervates the inferior portion of the esophagus; forms the anterior and posterior vagal trunks |
| Vagal trunks | found on the inferior part of the esophagus just before it passes through the diaphragm with the esophagus and innervate a large part of the GI tract |
| posterior intercostal veins | |
| Route of thoracic duct | Inferiorly it passes through the diaphragm with the thoracic aorta; superiorly it terminates by draining into the junction of the L internal jugular vein and L subclavain vein; crosses anterior surface of R posterior intercostal arteries & hemizygos vein |
| Hemizygos vein and accessory hemizygos veins | Cross the bodies of the 8-9th thoracic vertebrae and terminate by draining into the azygous vein |
| Intercostal nerve | arise from the ventral rami of the upper 11 thoracic spinal nerves; each divides to give a lateral cutaneous branch near the midaxillary line |
| Sympthathetic trunk | on both sides of the thorax; inferiorly it crosses the heads of ribs 2-9; inferior to rib 9 it lies more anteriorly on the sides of the thoracic vertebral bodies; it has 1 sympathetic ganglion for each thoracic vertebral level |
| 2 rami communicantes | white and gray ramus communicans; connects each intercostal nerve with its corresponding thoracic sympathetic ganglion; impossible to distinguish from each other based on color but the more lateral of the two is the white ramus |
| Greater splanchnic nerve | arises from the sympathetic trunk; found on the sides of vertebral bodies T5-T9; the sympathetic trunk is located posterior to the greater splanchnic nerves |
| Lesser splanchinic nerves | arises from 10-11th thoracic sympathetic ganglia; the least splanchnic nerve arises from the 12th |
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Touro2021
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