anatomy
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| within muscle is innermost connective tissue layerthat surrounds each muscle cell fiber | endomysium
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| around muscle: surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles. dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds whole skeleton | perimysium
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| upon muscle: a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds whole skeletal muscle | epimysium
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| ___ stimulare muscle fibers to contract | moror neurons
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| highly ordered repeating units of myofilaments | sarcomeres
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| two strands of ___ form a double helix extending the length of the actin myofilament | F actin (fibrous)
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| ___: an elongated protein winds along the groove of the F actin double helix | tropomyosin
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| ___ is composed of 3 subunits: one that binds to actin, a second that binds to tropomyosin, and a third that binds to calcium ions | troponin
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| the _____ complex regulates the interaction between active sites on _____, _____ | tropomyosin/troponin complex, G actin, myosin
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| ___: filamentous network of protein. serves as attatchment for actin myofilaments | Z disk
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| from Z disks to ends of thick filaments | I bands
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| length of thick filaments | A bands
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| region in A band where actin and myosin don't overlap | H zone
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| middle of H zone, delicate filaments holding myosin in place | M line
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| in muscle fibers, __ and __ bands of parallel myofibrils are aligned | A and I
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| elastic chains of amino acids; make muscles extensible and elastic | tetin filaments
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| actin myofilaments sliding over myosin to shorten sarcomeres | sliding filament model
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| ___ system controls contraction through ____ ____ | nervous, action potentials
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| ligands are molecules that bind to receptors: ex: neurotransmitters | ligand-gated
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| open and close in response to small voltage changes across plasma membrane | voltage-gated
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| inside of plasma membrane becomes less negative. if change reaches threshold ___ occurs | depolarization
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| return of resting membrane potential. | repolarization
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| spread from one location to another. action potential doesnt move along the membrane; new action potential at each successive location | propagate
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| number of action potential produced per unit of time | frequency
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| ___ muscle: voluntary | skeletal
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| origin in primary motor ends | coricospinal neurons
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| extrapyramidal neurons: ___,___,___,___ | tectospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal origin
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| origin tectal region of midbraine | tectospinal
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| originin vestibular nuclei and cerebellum | vestibulospinal
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| origin in red nucleus of pons | rubrospinal
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| originin reticular formation of brain stem | reticulospinal
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| large type A myelinated nerves | spinal motor neurons
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| ventral horn of spinal cord | cell bodies
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| skeletal muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction | final synapse
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| one sommatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates | motor unit
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| one nerve cell supplies on average ___ muscle cells that all contract in unison | 150
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| total strength of contraction depends on how ___ motor units are activated and how ___ the motor units are | how many,large
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| ___: axon terminal resting in an invagination of the sarcolemma. | synapse.
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| neuromuscular junction is made up of :. | presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane (motor end plate).
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| ___: axon terminal with synaptic vesicles. | presynaptic terminal.
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| ____ blocks release of neurotransmitter at the NMJ so muscle contraction cannot occur | botulinum toxin
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| ____ is found in improperly canned food | bacteria (clostridum botulinum)
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| botulinum toxin: death occurs from paralysis of ____ | diaphragm.
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| derived from clostridum botulinum toxin | botox
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| plant poison used by s. american indians for poison arrows | curare
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| causes muscle paralysis by blocking ACh receptors, flaccid paralysis | curare
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| used to relax muscle during surgery | curare
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| antichoinesterase agent | neostigmine
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| blocks removal of ACh from receptors so strengthens weak muscle contractions of myasthenia gravis | neostigmine
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| antidote for curare after surgery is finished | neostigmine
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| inhibit Acherase, spastic paralysis of skeletal muscle | organophosphate
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| mechanism where an action potential causes muscle fiber contraction | excitation-contraction coupling
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| excitation-contraction coupling involves: | sarcolemma, transverse tubules, terminal cisternae, sarcoplasmic reticulum, triad, Ca2+, troponin
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