Chapter 5
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| Epidermis | Superficial Region. Consist of epithelial tissue and is avascular
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| Dermis | Underlies epidermis. Mostly fibrous connective tissue. Vascular.
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| Hypodermis | Superficial Fascia. Subcutaneous layer deep to skin.
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| Keratinocytes | produce fibrous keratin. Top layer of skin.
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| Melanocytes | Produce pigment Melanin.
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| Dendritic | Langerhans cells. Star shaped macrophages.
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| Tactile | Merkel Cells. Sensory receptors that sense touch.
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| Thick skin | contains 5 layers and is found in high abrasion areas. Hands and feet.
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| Thin skin | contains only 4 strata.
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| Stratum Basale | Basel Layer. Deepest. Produces new cells.
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| Stratum Spinosum | Prickly Layer. Keratinicytes in this layer appear spikey.
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| Stratum Granulosum | Granular layer. Keratinization begins. Dehydrate.
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| Stratum Lucidum | Found only in thick skin.
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| Stratum Corneum | Horny layer. hard moister barrier. Most prodominat layer. shingles stacked up.
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| Apoptosis | program cell death.
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| Dermis | true skin. good stuff. strong flexible, fibroblast and macrophages. Nerves and blood vessels. Hair folicles. oil glands and sweat glands.
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| Papillary Layer | Loose fibers allow phagocytes to patrol for microorganisms.
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| Dermal Papillae | sends finger like projections up into epidermis. bumps and ridges in dermis
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| Friction Ridges | Enhance gripping ability. Finger Prints
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| Reticular Layer | Predominate layer. 80%of dermal thickness.
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| Cutaneous Plexus | Network of blood vessels
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| Flexure Lines | Dermal folds at or near joints. lines in the bends from lots of movement.
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| Striae | Stretch Marks
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| Melanin | Pigments. Melanasites make it. made in skin.
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| Carotene | Yellow to orange pigment. Can be converted to vitamin A.
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| Hemoglobin | Pinkish hue of fair skin is due to lower levels of melanin.
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| Homeostatic Imbalance | excessive sun expossure damages skin. elastic fibers clump causeing skin to become leathery.
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| Cyanosis | Blue skin color. low oxyenation
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| Erythema | Red. Fever, Hypertension, allergy
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| Pallor | Blanching or pale color. Pass out
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| Jaundice | Yellow cast. liver disorders.
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| Hairs | also called pili. hard keratin.
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| Shaft | area that extends above scalp.
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| Root | Living part. area with in scalp
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| Parts of hair shaft | Medulla, Cortex and Cuticle
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| Medulla | Central core of large cells and air spaces
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| Cortex | Several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla
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| Cuticle | Outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells.
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| Hair matrix | activily dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells.
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| Arrector Pili | small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle.
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| Vellus Hair | Vellum. pale, fine body hair on newborns.
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| Terminal Hair | coarse long hair. Scalp and eyebrows.
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| Hirsutism | Facial hair in male pattern on a female.
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| Alopecia | hair loss in both sexes after age 40
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| Nail matrix | thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth.
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| Nail Folds | skin folds that overlap border of nail
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| Eponychium | nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body. Cuticle
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| Hyponychium | Area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt
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| Sudoriferous Glands | Sweat glands.
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| Eccrine | Merocrine, sweat glands on palms. Soles and forehead.
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| Apocrine | sweat glands on axillary and groin from puberty.
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| Ceruminous Glands | lining of external ear canal. secreate ear wax.
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| Mammary Glands | secrete milk
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| Sebaceous Glands | Widly distributed oily holocrine secretion.
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| Protection | Chemical, Physical and Biological barrier
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| Chemical Barrier | Skin secretes many chemicals like sweat
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| Acid mantle | low pH of skin retards bacterial multiplation.
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| Physical Barrier | Flat and dead. Stratum Corneum. Block most water.
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| Biological Barrier | Epidermis contains phagocytic cells. Dermis contains macrophages. DNA can absorb harmful UV radiation.
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| Body Temp Regulation | Under normal temp sweat glands produce about 500 ml a day of unsociable sweat.
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| Cutaneous Sensory receptors | Nervous system. outside stimulation.
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| Metabolic Functions | skin can synthesize vitamian D needed for calcium absorption in intestine.
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| Keratinocytes | Produces protein. activate hormones
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| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Least milignant and most common. Sun exposed areas. grows slowly
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| Squamuos cell carcinoma | second most common type. can metastasize if left long enough.
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| Melanoma | Most dangerous, highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy.
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| The Rule of Nine | The burn percentage of the body.
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| First degree | Epidermal damage only. Red does not blanch.
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| Second degree | Epidermal and upper dermal damage. Blisters appear.
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| Third Degree | Entire thickness of skin involved. requires a graft to heal.
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| Dedridement | Removal of dead skin tissue.
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