Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown
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| The Black Death | Named for discoloration of body. Transfered by rats over trade routes. Populations cut nearly in half.
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| Popular Remedies | Jews sought as scapegoats. Use of leeches. Flagellants
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| Flagellants | Believed that beating themselves until they bled would bring Divine Intervention
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| Farm laborers & Skilled Artisans after the Black Death | Farm laborers decreased in number, so wages rose, but gov froze wages to preplague hights. This led to peasant revolts. Number of skilled artisans rose, demand increased, economic power grew.
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| The Hundred Years War | Began when English king Edward III claimed his right to French throne after death of Charles IV. The territorial proximity of England and France and their querral over Flanders fueled war.
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| English Success | Due to long bow and military superiority
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| French Failure | Started out in a better position: more people, more money, fighting on home ground. Loss due to territorial fighting and a lack of leadership.
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| Crecy, Pointiers, and Agincourt | English victories
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| The Peace of Bretigny | Recognized English holdings in France in exchange for Edward II renouncing his claim to the French throne.
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| Joan of Arc | Peasant who claimed she heard the voices of saints, led to French win of Battle of Orleans. Inspired French. Was burned as a heretic by English
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| Pope Innocent III | Transformed Church into secular power, creating papal monarchy with a political mission that included disposing of benefices and declaring saints
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| Pope Urban IV | Continued secularization of Church by establishing its own alw court, Rota Romana, and by broadening the distribution of benefices. College of Cardinals became political.
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| Rota Romana | Law court for papacy. Created by Urban IV
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| Boniface VIII | Refused efforts to tax clergy. Issued Clericos laicos. Forced to get along with Philip the Fair of France. Issued Unam Sanctum.
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| Clericos laicos | forbade tax of clergy without papal approval
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| Unam Sanctum | declared temporal authority was subject to power of Church
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| Clement V | Moved papacy to Avignon
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| Babylonian Captivity | Allusion to biblical bondage of Israelites talking about Avignon papacy and political bondage
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| John XXII | Tried to restore papacy to Rome
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| William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua | protested papal power
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| John Wycliffe | Led lay movement called Lollards
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| John Huss | Led popular lay movement- Hussites
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| The Great Schism | occured when Pope Clement VII was elected by a council of cardinals 5 months after an Italian archbishop, Pope Urban VI had been elected. Both claimed power
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| Alexander V | Other popes (Urban VI & Clement VII), deposed. Alex elected. Now 3 popes
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| Conciliar Movement | effort to control regulate the actions of the pope by councils
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| Sacrosancta | Devised at council of Constance (1414), recognized Roman Poep Gregory XII as pope
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| Council of Basil | Direct negotion of doctrine with "heretics". Presentation of Four Articles of Prague. 3 out of 4 conceded
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| Four Articles of Prague | Hussites Requests: 1.giving laity eucharist with cup as well as bread. 2. Free preaching 3. Exclusion of clergy from holding secular offices & ownong property 4. Punishment of laity who commit sins
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| Three Cultural Russian Groups | Great Russians, White Russians, Little Russians
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| Boyars | Wealthy landowners
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| Golden Horde | Mongol empire
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| Kulicov Meadows | Important defeat of Tatars that marked decline of Mongol rule
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| Ivan III (Great) | Brings all northern Russia under Moscow's control and ends Mongol rule
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