A&P Ch 23 Respiratory
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| What are the structures involved in gas exchange? | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
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| What do the conducting pathways include? | the structures of larynx to terminal bronchioles
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| What is known as the voice box? | Larynx
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| What are the several functions of the larynx? | air passageway ; prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory tract; produces sound for speech; assists in increasing pressure in abdominal cavity; participates in sneeze and cough reflexes
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| What structure covers the superior opening during swallowing to prevent ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract? | Epiglottis
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| How the larynx produce sound for speech? | Vocal cords (ligaments) vibrate during expiration
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| What is the valsalva maneuver? | The simultaneous closure of laryngeal opening )by the epiglottis) and contraction of abdominal muscles
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| increased pressure in the abdominal cavity due to the larynx also facilitates what? | urination, defecation, childbirth
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| What is another name for the laryngeal prominence? | Adam's apple
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| What is the laryngeal prominence made of? | Thyroid cartilage
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| Brief description of cricoid cartilage. | ring-shaped cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
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| Brief epiglottis. | projects preposterously into pharynx and closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing
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| All laryngeal cartilages, except the epiglottis, is made of what? | Hyaline cartilage
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| The epiglottis is made of what? | Elastic cartilage
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| What ligament is covered with mucosa to form the vocal folds? | Vocal ligaments
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| What ligament is covered with mucosa to form the vestibular folds? | Vestibular ligaments
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| What fold makes up the TRUE vocal cords? | The vocal folds of the vocal ligaments
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| What folds makes up the FALSE vocal cords? | The vestibular folds of the vestibular ligaments
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| What is the rima glottidis? | The opening between ligaments
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| What is the glottis made up of? | Rima glottidis + vocal folods
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| What do the vestibular ligaments do? | Protect vocal cords
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| What is laryngitis? | Inflammation of the larynx
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| What are the symptoms of laryngitis? | Hoarse voice, sore throat, sometimes fever
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| What is laryngitis caused by? | Bacterial or viral infection, or overuse (yelling)
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| Severe cases of laryngitis do what? | Extend to the epiglottis and may lead to sudden airway obstruction, especially in children
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| What is also known as the windpipe? | Trachea
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| Brief description of the trachea? | Flexible, slightly rigid, tubular C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilages hat goes from larynx to main bronchi anterior to esophagus
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| What is a tracheotomy? | Incision in trachea to facilitate breathing?
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| When is tracheotomy done? | When airway is blocked or compromised
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| What is the Bronchial tree? | System of highly branched air passages that originates at main bronchi and branches to more narrow tube and ends in small bronchiole passageways
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| What does the Trachea splits into? | Right and left main bronchi at level of sternal angle
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| What is another name for the main bronchi? | Primary bronchi
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| Which main bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented? | Right bronchus
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| Which main bronchi is more likely to have foreign particles lodged in there? | Right bronchus
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| Where does each bronchus enters a lung on? | Its medial surface
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| What is another name for the lobar bronchi? | Secondary bronchi
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| Each main bronchus branches into what? | Lobar bronchi
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| What do lobar bronchi further divide into? | Segmental bronchi
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| What is another name for the segmental bronchi? | Tertiary bronchi
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| What are bronchioles? | tubes of < 1 mm
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| What are the last part of the conducting zone? | Terminal bronchioles
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| What is the first part of the respiratory zone? | Respiratory bronchioles
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| Describe the tree passageways | Main --> lobar --> segmental --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioloes --> respiratory bronchioles
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| What is Bronchitis? | Inflammation of the bronchi caused by bacterial or viral infection or inhaled irritants
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| Brief description of ACUTE bronchitis | occurs during/after infection ; coughing, sneezing, pain with inhalation, fever; 10-14 days
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| Brief description of CHRONIC bronchitis | occurs after long-term irritant exposure; large amount of mucus, cough lasting > 3 months
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| What type of bronchitis may lead to permanent changes to bronchi occur and increases likelihood of future bacterial infections | Chronic bronchitis
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| What is bronchoconstriction? | Less air through bronchial tree (less entry of potentially harmful substances) due to muscle contraction
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| What is bronchodilation? | More air flowing through bronchial tree due to muscle relaxation
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| What do episodes of asthma come with? | Bronchoconstriction, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and excess mucus
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| Where do the localized immune reaction occurs in dealing with asthma? | In bronchi and bronchioles
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| What happens to the walls of the bronchi when one has asthma? | It becomes permanently thickened
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| What are the primary treatments of asthma? | Inhaled steroids and/or bronchodilators
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| What are alveoli? | Saccular outpocketings
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| What are alveolar sacs? | Clusters of alveoli
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| What do respiratory bronchiols subdivide into? | Alveolar ducts which then subdivide into alveolar sacs
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| What is the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles? | Simple cuboidal epithelium
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| What is the epithelium of alveoli and alveolar ducts? | Simple squamous
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| Why is the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, and alveolar ducts thin? | Thinness facilitates gas exchange
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| Simple squamous alveolar type I cells are part of what? | Part of thin barrier separating air from blood
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| Alveolar type II cells are also called what? | Septal cells
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| What do alveolar type II cells do? | Coat inside of alveolus and opposes collapse during expiration
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| Alveolar macrophages are also called what? | Dust cells
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| Where are alveolar macrophage what? | Either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate
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| What are alveolar macrophages? | Leukocytes that engulf microorganisms
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| What is the respiratory membrane? | Thin barrier between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
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| What does the respiratory membrane consists of? | Alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane; capillary epithelium and its basement membrane
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| What happens to the erythrocytes once oxygen diffuses from alveolus into capillaries? | Erythrocytes become oxygenated
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| What happens to CO2 when diffused from blood to alveolus? | Expired to external environment
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