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Ch 23 Respiratory
A&P Ch 23 Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the structures involved in gas exchange? | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
| What do the conducting pathways include? | the structures of larynx to terminal bronchioles |
| What is known as the voice box? | Larynx |
| What are the several functions of the larynx? | air passageway ; prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory tract; produces sound for speech; assists in increasing pressure in abdominal cavity; participates in sneeze and cough reflexes |
| What structure covers the superior opening during swallowing to prevent ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract? | Epiglottis |
| How the larynx produce sound for speech? | Vocal cords (ligaments) vibrate during expiration |
| What is the valsalva maneuver? | The simultaneous closure of laryngeal opening )by the epiglottis) and contraction of abdominal muscles |
| increased pressure in the abdominal cavity due to the larynx also facilitates what? | urination, defecation, childbirth |
| What is another name for the laryngeal prominence? | Adam's apple |
| What is the laryngeal prominence made of? | Thyroid cartilage |
| Brief description of cricoid cartilage. | ring-shaped cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage |
| Brief epiglottis. | projects preposterously into pharynx and closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing |
| All laryngeal cartilages, except the epiglottis, is made of what? | Hyaline cartilage |
| The epiglottis is made of what? | Elastic cartilage |
| What ligament is covered with mucosa to form the vocal folds? | Vocal ligaments |
| What ligament is covered with mucosa to form the vestibular folds? | Vestibular ligaments |
| What fold makes up the TRUE vocal cords? | The vocal folds of the vocal ligaments |
| What folds makes up the FALSE vocal cords? | The vestibular folds of the vestibular ligaments |
| What is the rima glottidis? | The opening between ligaments |
| What is the glottis made up of? | Rima glottidis + vocal folods |
| What do the vestibular ligaments do? | Protect vocal cords |
| What is laryngitis? | Inflammation of the larynx |
| What are the symptoms of laryngitis? | Hoarse voice, sore throat, sometimes fever |
| What is laryngitis caused by? | Bacterial or viral infection, or overuse (yelling) |
| Severe cases of laryngitis do what? | Extend to the epiglottis and may lead to sudden airway obstruction, especially in children |
| What is also known as the windpipe? | Trachea |
| Brief description of the trachea? | Flexible, slightly rigid, tubular C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilages hat goes from larynx to main bronchi anterior to esophagus |
| What is a tracheotomy? | Incision in trachea to facilitate breathing? |
| When is tracheotomy done? | When airway is blocked or compromised |
| What is the Bronchial tree? | System of highly branched air passages that originates at main bronchi and branches to more narrow tube and ends in small bronchiole passageways |
| What does the Trachea splits into? | Right and left main bronchi at level of sternal angle |
| What is another name for the main bronchi? | Primary bronchi |
| Which main bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented? | Right bronchus |
| Which main bronchi is more likely to have foreign particles lodged in there? | Right bronchus |
| Where does each bronchus enters a lung on? | Its medial surface |
| What is another name for the lobar bronchi? | Secondary bronchi |
| Each main bronchus branches into what? | Lobar bronchi |
| What do lobar bronchi further divide into? | Segmental bronchi |
| What is another name for the segmental bronchi? | Tertiary bronchi |
| What are bronchioles? | tubes of < 1 mm |
| What are the last part of the conducting zone? | Terminal bronchioles |
| What is the first part of the respiratory zone? | Respiratory bronchioles |
| Describe the tree passageways | Main --> lobar --> segmental --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioloes --> respiratory bronchioles |
| What is Bronchitis? | Inflammation of the bronchi caused by bacterial or viral infection or inhaled irritants |
| Brief description of ACUTE bronchitis | occurs during/after infection ; coughing, sneezing, pain with inhalation, fever; 10-14 days |
| Brief description of CHRONIC bronchitis | occurs after long-term irritant exposure; large amount of mucus, cough lasting > 3 months |
| What type of bronchitis may lead to permanent changes to bronchi occur and increases likelihood of future bacterial infections | Chronic bronchitis |
| What is bronchoconstriction? | Less air through bronchial tree (less entry of potentially harmful substances) due to muscle contraction |
| What is bronchodilation? | More air flowing through bronchial tree due to muscle relaxation |
| What do episodes of asthma come with? | Bronchoconstriction, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and excess mucus |
| Where do the localized immune reaction occurs in dealing with asthma? | In bronchi and bronchioles |
| What happens to the walls of the bronchi when one has asthma? | It becomes permanently thickened |
| What are the primary treatments of asthma? | Inhaled steroids and/or bronchodilators |
| What are alveoli? | Saccular outpocketings |
| What are alveolar sacs? | Clusters of alveoli |
| What do respiratory bronchiols subdivide into? | Alveolar ducts which then subdivide into alveolar sacs |
| What is the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles? | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| What is the epithelium of alveoli and alveolar ducts? | Simple squamous |
| Why is the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, and alveolar ducts thin? | Thinness facilitates gas exchange |
| Simple squamous alveolar type I cells are part of what? | Part of thin barrier separating air from blood |
| Alveolar type II cells are also called what? | Septal cells |
| What do alveolar type II cells do? | Coat inside of alveolus and opposes collapse during expiration |
| Alveolar macrophages are also called what? | Dust cells |
| Where are alveolar macrophage what? | Either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate |
| What are alveolar macrophages? | Leukocytes that engulf microorganisms |
| What is the respiratory membrane? | Thin barrier between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries |
| What does the respiratory membrane consists of? | Alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane; capillary epithelium and its basement membrane |
| What happens to the erythrocytes once oxygen diffuses from alveolus into capillaries? | Erythrocytes become oxygenated |
| What happens to CO2 when diffused from blood to alveolus? | Expired to external environment |
Created by:
elizabethcosio
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