skeletal system
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| Bones are made of | living tissue
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| Long Bones | long axes and expanded ends
(ex: bones in forearm/femur)
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| Short Bones | Somewhat cubed and length/width are somewhat equal
(ex:bones in wrist and ankle)
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| Flat Bones | platelike with broad surfaces
(ex: Ribs, Scapula and some bones of skull)
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| Irregular Bones | come in variety of shapes and usually connected to several other bones. (ex: vertebrae and facial bones)
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| Sesamoid Bones | Round, nodular, and embedded in the tendons
(ex: the kneecap (patella) )
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| Epiphysis | expanded portion at the end of the bone. This comes together with another bone and forms a joint and coated with a layer of articular cartilage
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| Diaphysis | The shaft of the bone between the epiphysis.
(The long part of the bone)
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| Periosteum | A vascular covering of the fibrous tissue that enclosed the bone.
(Helps for and repair bone tissue)
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| Compact Bone | Tightly packed bone on the wall of the diaphysis
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| Spongy Bone | (Located on the epiphysises) Consists of numerous branching bony plates.
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| Medullary Cavity | Holow chamber inside the bone. The inside is lined with cells called Endosteum
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| Marrow | specialized soft connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity
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| Bones cells are called | Osteocytes
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| Intramembranous Bones | These are broad, flat bones of the skull
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| Endochondral Bones | These bones make up most of the bones of the skeleton
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| 2 types of osteocytes | osteoclasts and osteoblasts
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| Osteoclasts | dissolve bone matrix
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| Osteoblasts | replace bone matrix
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| What are the two major portions of the skeleton? | The appendicular skeleton and the Axial skeleton
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| Axial skeleton | Head, neck, and trunk
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| Skull | consists of cranium (brain case) and the facial bones
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| Hyoid Bone | Located in the neck below lower jaw
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| Vertebral column (backbone) | Consists of many vertebrae that connect. At the bottom they fuse together to form the sacrum
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| Thoracic cage | protects the viscera of the thoracic cavity and upper abdomen
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| How many pairs of ribs are there? | 12
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| Appendicular skeleton | upper and lower limbs and the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton
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| Pectoral Girdle | Consists of scapula and clavical
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| Upper limbs | consists of humerus (upper arm bone), radius, ulna (forearm bone), 8 carpals (wrist bone), metacarpals (Hand/palm bone), and the phalanges (fingers)
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| Pelvic Girdle | 2 hip bones
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| Lower limbs | Femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), fibula (lower leg bone), meta tarsals (foot bone), and phalanges (toes)
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| Bone Function | Shape, support and protect body structure
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| What are the four parts of a lever? | rod/bar(bone), falcrum(Joints), object/resistance(weight of object), and a force that gives energy to move(muscle).
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| Hematopoesis | process of blood cell formation
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| The two kinds of marrow are | Red and yellow
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| The skull consists of how many bones | 44 (22 attached, 8 make up cranium, 14 form face)
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| The skulls bones are fused together by lines called | sutures
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| The mandible | forms the lower jaw
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| The cranium | protects and encloses the brain
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| Frontal bone (forehead) | located above the eyes
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| Parietal bone | located on each side of the skull
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| Occipital bone | Forms the back of the skull and the base if the cranium
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| Temporal bone | Form part of the sides ans base of the cranium
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| Sphenoid bone | Located between several bones toward the front of the cranium
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| Ethmoid bone | Located in front of the sphenoid bone
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| The facial skeleton has how many bones? | 13 immovable bones and a lower jawbone
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| Maxillae | forms the upper jaw and makes up the roof of the mouth (hard palate) and the floors of the orbit and nasal cavity.
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| Palatine bones | located behind the maxilla
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| Zygomatic bones | located below and to the sides of the eyes (cheek bones)
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| Lacrimal bones | Thin bone located in the medial wall of orbit (between eye sockets)
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| Nasal bones | These are long and thin. Rectangular and lay side by side
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| Vomer bone | located in middle of the middle cavity
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| Inferior nasal conchae | Inferior shaped bones attached to the sides of the nasal cavity
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| Manible | The lower jawbone
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| Fontanel | Membranous areas of incomplete intramembranous ossification. (permit some movement between bones)
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| Vertebral column | Extends from the skull to the pelvis
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| Typical vertebrae | drum shaped body (thick portion)
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| Cervical vertebrae | The cervical vertebrae of the neck
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| Thoracic vertebrae | contains 2 vertebrae that are longer than the cervical vertebrae
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| Lumbar vertebrae | located in the small of the neck
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| Sacrum | Triangular Structures
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| Coccyx (tailbone) | lowest part of the vertebral column
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| The thoracic cage | Includes ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilage
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| How many true ribs are there? | 7
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| How many false ribs are there? | 5
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| How many floating ribs are there? | 3
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| Sternum (breastbone) | Located in the middle of the thoracic cage
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| Manubrium | Top part of the sternum
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| Body | Middle part of the sternum
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| Xiphoid Process | Lower part of the sternum
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| Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) | Composed of 2 clavicles and 2 scapula
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| Clavicles (collarbone) | Shaped like a rod, located at the base of the neck, and help hold the shoulder blade in place
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| Scapulae (shoulder blades) | Shaped like triangles, located on each side of the upper back
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| ROM | range of motion
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| Contracture | Tightening and shortening of a muscle
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| Muscle Atrophy | Muscles shrink and become weak
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| Circulatory Impairment | Circulation of the blood is impaired
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| Mineral Loss | Bones lose calcium
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| active ROM | Patients perform exercises on their own
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| Active Assistive ROM | Patient actively moves joints but needs assistance to complete full ROM
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| Passive ROM | Another person moves each joint for a patient that is unable to move
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| Resistive ROM | Administered by a therapist
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| Abduction | Moving a part away from the midline of the body
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| Adduction | Moving a part toward the midline of the body
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| Flexion | Bending a body part
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| Extension | Straightening a body part
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| Hypertension | Excessive Straightening of a body part
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| Rotation | Moving a body part around its own axis
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| Cirucumduction | Moving in a circle at a point
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| Pronation | Turning a body part upward
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| Supination | Turning a body part upward
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| Opposition | Touching each of the fingers to the tip of the thumb
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| Inversion | Turning a body part inward
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| Eversion | Turning a body part outward
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| Dorsiflexion | Bending backward
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| Plantar flexion | Bending forward
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| Radial Deviation | Moving toward the thumb side of hand
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| Ulnar Deviation | Moving toward the little finger side of the hand
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| Joint | Functional junction between bones
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| Fibrous Joints | Between bones that are close together (bines bones together)
(ex: between flat bones of skull)
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| Cartilaginous Joints | Hyaline cartilage binds these together
(ex: between vertebrae)
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| Synovial Joints | Most joints of the skeletal system, allow free movement
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| Ball and Socket joint | Globe or egg shaped head that articulates with a cup shaped cavity of another bone
(ex: shoulder and hip)
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| Condyloid Joint | Oval shaped condile fits into elliptical cavity of another bone
(ex: metacarpals and phalanges)
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| Gliding Joint | mostly flat, allow sliding and twisting movements
(ex: wrist and ankle)
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| Hinge Joints | Convex surface of bone fits into concave surface of another
(ex: elbow and phalanges)
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| Pivot Joints | Cylinder surface of one bone rotates in a ring of another bone
(ex:radius and ulna)
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| Saddle joints | Articulating bones have concave and convex regions
(ex: carpals and metacarpals)
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| Flexion | Bending parts so that the angle between them decreases
(bending arm)
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| Extension | Straightening parts so that the angle between them increases
(straightening arm)
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| Dorsiflexion | Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin
(walking on your heels)
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| Plantar Flexion | Movement at the ankle that brings the foot father from the shin
(walking on or pointing toes)
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| Hyperextension | Extension of the parts at a joints beyond the anatomical position
(bending the head back)
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| Abduction | Moving a part away from the midway of the body
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| Adduction | Moving a part toward the midline
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| Rotation | Moving a part around on a axis
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| Circumduction | Moving a part so that its ends follow a circular path
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| pronation | Turning the hand so that the palm is downward
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| Supination | Turning the hand so that the palm is upward
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| Eversion | Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
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| Inversion | Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
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| Retraction | Moving a part backward
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| Protraction | Moving a part forward
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| Elevation | Raising a part
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| Depression | Lowering a part
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| Upper limb | Forms the framework of the arm, forearm and hand
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| Humerus | Extends from the scapula to the elbow
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| Radius | Located on thumb side of forearm
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| Ulna | Longer than radius
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| Hand | Made up of wrist, palm and fingers
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| How many phalanges does each finger have | 3
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| How many phalanges does the thumb have | 2
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