AP European Chapter 25 Vocabulary
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Alexander II | (r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
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Ausgleich, 1867 | Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.
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"Blood and iron" | Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".
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Bundesrat | The federal council of Austrian government.
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Count Camillo Cavour | Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.
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Carbonari | A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.
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Carlsbad Decrees | 1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.
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Constitutional monarchy | Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten.
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Ems Dispatch | A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.
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Franco-Prussian War | 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.
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Frankfurt Assembly | 1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.
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Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
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Louis Kossuth | Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.
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Leopold II | 1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.
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Liberalism | The base ideas of liberty and equality.
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Giuseppe Mazzini | Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.
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Nationalism | Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.
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Napoleon III | Original Napoleon’s nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism.
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Panslavism | A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
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Pogroms | Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.
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Realpolitik | Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.
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Red Shirts | Volunteers in Garibaldi's army
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Reichstag | Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.
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Russification | Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.
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Syllabus of Errors | 1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.
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Treaty of Frankfurt | The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.
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Otto von Bismarck | (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.
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Zemstvos | Local assemblies in Russia.
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Zollverein | Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.
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Risorgimento | Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.
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Grossdeutsch | Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans".
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Kleindeutsch | Little German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans".
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Volksgeist | Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.
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