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AP European Chapter 25 Vocabulary

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Question
Answer
Alexander II   (r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.  
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Ausgleich, 1867   Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.  
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"Blood and iron"   Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".  
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Bundesrat   The federal council of Austrian government.  
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Count Camillo Cavour   Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.  
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Carbonari   A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.  
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Carlsbad Decrees   1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.  
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Constitutional monarchy   Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten.  
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Ems Dispatch   A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.  
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Franco-Prussian War   1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.  
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Frankfurt Assembly   1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.  
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Giuseppe Garibaldi   (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.  
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Louis Kossuth   Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.  
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Leopold II   1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.  
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Liberalism   The base ideas of liberty and equality.  
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Giuseppe Mazzini   Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.  
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Nationalism   Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.  
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Napoleon III   Original Napoleon’s nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism.  
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Panslavism   A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.  
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Pogroms   Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.  
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Realpolitik   Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.  
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Red Shirts   Volunteers in Garibaldi's army  
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Reichstag   Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.  
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Russification   Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.  
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Syllabus of Errors   1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.  
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Treaty of Frankfurt   The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.  
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Otto von Bismarck   (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.  
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Zemstvos   Local assemblies in Russia.  
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Zollverein   Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.  
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Risorgimento   Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.  
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Grossdeutsch   Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans".  
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Kleindeutsch   Little German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans".  
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Volksgeist   Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.  
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