skull
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| what positioning line extends from the EAM to the outer canthus? | OML
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| what positioning landmark is located at the most superior point of the nasal bones? | nasion
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| what positioning landmark is located at the base of the nasal spine? | acanthion
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| what positioning landmark is the smooth elevation that is located between the supercilliary arches? | glabella
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| what positioning landmark is most superior? | glabella
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| where on the skull is the gonion located? | on the lateroposterior part of the mandible
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| where on the skull is the outer canthus located? | on the lateral boarder of each orbit
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| what positioning landmark is located at the anterior portion of the mandible? | mental point
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| which suture articulates the frontal bone with both parietal bones? | coronal
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| which suture joint both parietal bones at the vertex of the skull? | sagittal
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| which suture joins a parietal bone with both a sphenoid bone and a temporal bone? | squamosal
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| which suture joins both parietal bones with the occipital bone? | lambdoidal
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| the bregma fontanelle is located at the junction of which two sutures? | sagittal and coronal
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| the lambda fontanelle is located at the junction of which two sutures? | lambdoidal and sagittal
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| the bregma fontanelle is located at a the junction of which cranial bones? | frontal and both parietals
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| the lambda fontanelle is located at the junction of which cranial bones? | occipital and both parietals
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| which skull classification refers to a typical skull shape? and what degrees is the angle formed between the petrous pyramids and midsagittal plane | mesocephalic, 47 degrees
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| which skull classification refers to a long, narrow skull? and what degrees is the angle formed between the petrous pyramids and midsagittal plane | dolichocephalic 40 degrees
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| which skull classification refers to a short, wide skull? and what degrees is the angle formed between the petrous pyramids and midsagittal plane | brachycephalic, 54 degrees
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| on which cranial bone are the supercilliary arches located? | frontal bone
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| on which cranial bone is the cribiform plate located? | ethmoid
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| on which cranial bone is the crista galli located? | ethmoid
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| which cranial bone has a petrous pyramid? | temporal
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| on which cranial bone is the sella tursica located? | sphenoid
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| which cranial bone has the mastoid process? | temporal
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| which cranial bone is the perpendicular plate located? | ethmoid
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| which cranial bone has both greater and lesser wings? | sphenoid
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| which cranial bone does the first cervical vertebra articulate? | occipital
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| the pterygoid processes project inferiorly from which cranial bone? | sphenoid
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| from which cranial bone does the zygomatic process arise? | temporal
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| the temporal process projects posteriorly from which facial bone? | zygomatic
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| with which bone does the mandible articulate? | temporal
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| where are the lacrimal bones located? | on the medial wall of each orbit
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| where is the vomer found? | on the floor of the nasal cavity
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| which bone comprises most of the lateral wall of the orbital cavities? | zygomatic
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| which term refers to the anterior process of the mandibular ramus? | coronoid
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| which term refers to the posterior process of the mandibular ramus? | condyle
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| which facial bones have alveolar processes? | maxillae, palatine
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| which bones from the posterior one fourth of the roof of the mouth? | palatine
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| which positioning landmark is located on the maxillae? | acanthion
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| which two positioning lines or planes should be perpendicular to the IR for the PA projection of the skull? | OML and midsagittal plane
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| with reference to the patient, where should the IR be centered for the PA projection of the skull? | nasion
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| with reference to the patient, where should the IR be centered for the lateral projection of the skull? | 2 inches above the EAM
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| with reference to the IR, how should the inter pupillary line and the midsagittal plane be positioned for the later projection of the skull? | interpup line: perpendicular ; midsag plane: parallel
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| for the AP axial projection, Towne method, of the skull how many degrees and which direction should the CR be directed when the OML is perpendicular to the IR? | 30 degrees Caudal
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| for the AP axial projection, Towne method, of the skull how many degrees and which direction should the CR be directed when the IOML is perpendicular to the IR? | 37 degrees caudal
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| which positioning line should be parallel with the IR for the SMV projection of the skull? | IOML
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| which projection on the skull can be correctly performed with the central ray angled 37 degrees | AP axial, towne method
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| which projection of the skull can be correctly performed with the CR angled 15 degrees | PA axial, caldwell method
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| which projection of the skull produces a full basal image of the cranium? | SMV, Schuller method
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| which projection of the skull projects the petrous bones in the lower third of the orbits | PA axial,caldwell method
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| which projection of the skull should be obtained when the frontal bone is of primary interest? | PA with perpendicular central ray
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection, Towne method of the skull? | part of the sella turcica should be seen within the foramen magnum
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA projection of the skull? | the distance from the lateral border of the skull to the lateral border of the orbit should be the same on both sides
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the skull? | the orbital roofs should be superimposed
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the SMV projection? | the mental protuberance should superimpose the anterior frontal bone
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| for the PA axial projection, Haas method, where should the central ray enter the patients head? | 1 1/2 inches below the external occipital protuberance
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| how many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the PA axial, Haas method, of the skull? | 25 degrees cephlad
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial, Haas method? | the dorsum sella and posterior clinoids projected within the foramen magnum
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| with reference to the patient, where should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of the facial bones? | zygomatic bone
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| with reference to the IR how should the CR be directed for the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? | perpendicular
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| where should the petrous ridges be seen in the image of the Waters method of the facial bones? | below the maxillary sinus
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| which positioning line and angle indicate correct positioning of the head for the Waters method? | OML, 37 degrees to the IR
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the Waters method facial bones? | the petrous ridges should be projected below the maxillary sinuses
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial, Caldwell method facial bones? | the distance between the lateral border of the skull and orbit should be the same on each side
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the facial bones? | the orbital roofs should be superimposed
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the SMV projection for bilateral zygomatic arches? | the zygomatic arches should be free from overlying structures
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| how many degrees and in what direction should the CR be directed for an AP axial (modified townes) of bilateral zygomatic arches when the OML is perpendicular to the IR | 30 degrees caudal
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| an AP axial modified Townes is similar to the AP axial Townes except the projection for the zygomatic arches requires that what be done? | the CR is directed to the glabella
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| with reference to the IR, how should the midsagittal plane readjusted for the tangential projection demonstrating an individual zygomatic arch? | 15 degrees from perpendicular
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| to demonstrate the mandibular body with the axiolateral oblique projection, how should the patient's head be positioned? | from true lateral, rotate the head 30 degrees toward the IR
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| how many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the axiolateral projection on the mandible? | 25 degrees cephalic
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| which projection is performed with the patient's head positioned true lateral and the CR directed 25 degrees cephalic? | axiolateral projection of the mandible
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible? | the opposite side of the mandible should not overlap the ramus
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| which structure is of primary interest when the patient's head is rotated 15 degrees toward the IR from a true lateral position and the CR is directed 15 degrees caudal, entering about 1 1/2 inches superior to the upside EAM? | TMJ
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| how many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the axiolateral oblique projection for TMJs? | 15 degrees caudal
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| for the AP axial projection of the TMJs, where should the CR be directed? | 3 inches above the nasion
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| with reference to the patient, where should the IR be centered for the axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJs? | 1/2 inch anterior to the EAM
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| which structures should always be radiographed with the patient in an upright position? | paranasal sinuses
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| which of the following is the only projection for paranasal sinuses that adequately demonstrates all four sinus groups? | lateral
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| with reference to the outer canthus, where should the central ray be directed for the lateral projections of the sinus? | posterior
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| which sinus group is of primary importance in the lateral projection of the sinus? | sphenoidal
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| which sinus groups are best demonstrated with the PA axial projection, caldwell method? | frontal and anterior ethmoidal
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| for the PA axial, caldwell projection, which positioning line in addition to the midsagittal plane should be perpendicular to the IR? | OML
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| where should the petrous ridges be seen in the image of the PA axial projection, caldwell method,of the sinuses? | lower third of the orbits
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| which positioning line should form an angle of 37 degrees with the IR for the parietalacanthial projection, Waters method? | OML
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| with reference to the IR how should the CR be directed for the waters method? | perpendicular
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| which paranasal sinus group is best demonstrated with the waters method? | maxillary sinus
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| where should the petrous ridges be seen in the image of the waters method? | below the maxillary sinus
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| where should the CR exit the head for the sinus waters method? | acanthion
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| which sinus group is not well demonstrated in the waters method? | sphenoidal
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| which two paranasal sinus groups are better demonstrated with the SMV projection than are the other sinuses? | ethmoidal and sphenoidal
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| which projection of the sinuses demonstrates a symmetric image of the anterior portion of the base of the skull? | SMV
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| in which projection of the sinuses is the IR centered to the nasion? | PA axial , caldwell method
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| in which projection of the sinuses is the mentomeatal line approximately perpendicular to the plane of the IR? | waters method
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| in which projection of the sinuses must the OML form an angle of 15 degrees with the plane of the IR? | PA axial, caldwell method
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses? | all four sinus groups should be included, the orbital roofs should be superimposed
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the cal well method of the sinuses? | the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses should be seen, petrous ridges should lie on the lower third of the orbits
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the waters method? | petrous ridges should lie immediately below the floor of the maxillary sinuses
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| which evaluation criterion pertains to the SMV projection for paranasal sinuses? | mental protuberance should superimpose anterior frontal bone, mandibular condyles should be anterior to the petrous ridges
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