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The Bureaucracy

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Term
Definition
appropriations   distribution of funds  
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authorization of spending   the maximum amount the agency can give on a certain program  
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Civil Service Commission   oversees the process of the merit system and prevented officers from requiring federal employees to contribute to political campaigns  
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Civil Service Reform Act (1978)   altered how a bureaucrat is dismissed, limited preferences for veterans, and put upper-level appointments back into the president's hands  
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committee clearance   congressional committees securing the authority to review and approve certain agency actions in advance  
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competitive service   jobs that require some type of exam or competitive hiring process  
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discretionary authority   an agency's ability to take or not take, courses of action  
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excepted service   hiring options when the competitive service is not practical  
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Federal Trade Commission   created to prevent overly powerful corporations from engaging in unfair business practices  
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Freedom of Information Act (1966)   gives the public the right to request access to records or information  
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government corporation   a hybrid of a government agency and a private company  
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Hatch Act (1939)   prohibited federal workers from becoming directly involved in federal political campaigns  
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INS v Chadha (1983)   Supreme Court declared the legislative veto unconstitutional  
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issue networks   committee staffers, academics, think tanks, advocates and members of the media  
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merit system   included competitive, written exams for many job applicants in civil service  
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National Performance Review (NPR)   Clinton organized to assess the federal bureaucracy, identify problems and offer solutions and ideas for government savings  
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Office of Personal Management (OPM)   runs the merit system, promotes the ideals of public service and finds the best people for federal jobs  
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patronage   rewarding loyal party leaders with federal jobs  
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Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)   Congress passed to prevent the constant reward to loyal party members  
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red tape   the vast amount of paperwork, procedures, forms and formal steps citizens must take to accomplish a government mandated task  
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Senior Executive Service   placed more emphasis on a bureaucrat's skills and experiences than on the job  
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spoils system   appointing officials based on their efforts to help elect the presidents with an expectation of loyalty after the appointment  
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Sunshine Act (1976)   requires most federal agencies to hold their meetings in publicly accessible places  
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Whistleblower Protection Act (1989)   prohibits a federal agency from retaliating against an employee or applicant for disclosing acts that he or she believes are illegal or dishonest  
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legislative veto   Congress established to control agencies by making them wait 30-90 days for certain decisions  
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