Anatomy of the Heart
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| One function of the heart is to pump blood through ________. | Vessels
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| One function of the heart is to: | Provide oxygen and nutrients to every cell
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| Location of the heart | Within mediastinum
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| How much of the heart is located left of the midline? | 2/3
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| Apex def. | Lower pointed end of the heart
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| Apex is located between which ribs? | 5 and 6
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| Precordium def. | Area of the anterior chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels
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| How heavy is the heart? | Less than 1 lb.
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| Endocardium is continuous with: | Vessels entering/exiting the heart
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| Which layer of the heart is the thickest? | Myocardium
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| Myocardium is composed of which type of muscle? | Cardiac
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| Function of cardiac muscle within myocardium | Pump blood through the blood vessels
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| The epicardium helps form _________. | Pericardium
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| Name of sling-like structure that supports the heart | Pericardium
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| The periscardium is composed of what type of membranes? | Serous
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| Innermost layer of pericardium | Visceral pericardium
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| Middle layer of pericardium | Parietal pericardium
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| Outermost layer of pericardium | Fibrous pericardium
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| The pericardial space/cavity is located between what two layers of the pericardium? | Visceral and parietal
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| Pericarditis def. | Inflammation of pericardium (creates friction and rubbing, causes fluid to accumulate. results in pericardial effusion)
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| Cardiac Tamponade def. | Compression of heart due to enfusion - life threatening
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| What part of the heart enables it to pump blood | Myocardium
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| The heart is a double pump that beats as one. Name the two pumps. | Right heart and left heart
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| What kind of blood does the right heart contain? | Deoxygenated blood
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| From where does the right heart receive deoxygenated blood? | SVC/IVC
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| Where does the right heart pumps blood? | To the lungs
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| What happens to the blood pumped by the right heart? | Picks up oxygen and dumps carbon dioxide
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| Name the process in which the right heart pumps blood to the lungs. | Pulmonary circulation
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| From where does the left heart receive blood? | Lungs
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| To where does the left heart pump blood? | The rest of the body
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| Name the process in which the left heart pumps blood to the rest of the body. | Systemic circulation
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| The right atrium receives blood from the __________. | SVC/IVC
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| Is blood that enters the right atrium de/oxygenated? | Deoxygenated
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| Through and to where does the right ventricle pump blood? | Through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
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| The left atrium receives blood from where? | Lungs via pulmonary veins
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| Is blood that enters the left atrium de/oxygenated? | Oxygenated
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| The left ventricle receives blood from where? | Left atrium
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| The right ventricle receives blood from where? | Right atrium
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| The left ventricle pumps blood through and to where? | Through the aorta to systemic circulation
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| What separates the right and left atrium? | Interatrial septum
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| What separates the right and left ventricles? | Interventricular septum
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| Between the atria and ventricles, which has the thicker wall? | Ventricles
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| Between the right and left ventricle, which has the thicker wall? | Left
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| Define hypertrophy | Enlargement of ventricles due to overworking of the heart
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| Name the five large blood vessels directly attached to the heart | SVC, IVC, Aorta, Pulmonary Artery/Trunk, Pulmonary Veins (4)
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| Function of the heart valves | To keep blood flowing forward
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| Name the two entrance valves of the ventricles of the heart | Right/left atrioventricular (AV) valve
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| Name the two exit valves of the ventricles of the heart | Right/left semilunar valve
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| Location of AV valves | Between atria and ventricles
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| What causes the AV valves to close? | Pressure of ventricle contraction
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| What attaches cusps of valves to ventricle wall? | Papillary muscle and chordae tendonae
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| What is the function of ventricle wall cusps? | Keep AV valves closed and blood from flowing backwards
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| Right AV valva a.k.a. | Tricuspid valve
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| Left AV valve a.k.a. | Bicuspid valve
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| Location of semilunar valves | Between ventricles and exiting great vessels (aorta and pulmonary artery/trunk)
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| What causes semilunar valves to close? | Pressure difference between great vessels (higher) and ventricles (lower)
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| When do the semilunar valves close? | When ventricles are at rest
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| What causes the semilunar valves to open? | Ventricular contraction
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| Right semilunar vlave a.k.a. | Pulmonary semilunar valve
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| Location of pulmonary semilunar valve | Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery/trunk
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| Left semilunar valve a.k.a. | Aortic semilunar valve
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| Location of aortic semilunar valve | Between left ventricle and aorta
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| Stenosis of heart valves | Narrowing of the heart valves
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| Mitral Incompetence | Abnormal closure of the mitral valve resulting in regurgitation of blood into the atrium and leading to reduced heart function or heart failure
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| What creates heart sounds? | The closing of the heart valves
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| S1 (Lubb): | Closure of the AV valves
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| S2 (Dupp): | Closure of the semilunar valves
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| Where is S1 (Lubb) best heard? | Over the apex
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| Where is S2 (Dupp) best heard? | Over the base
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| Heart murmur definition | Swooshing or squishing sounds made by the heart rather than 'lub-dub' sound...usually caused by turbulent blood in the heart
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| Shunt definition | Passage that diverts blood from its normal flow
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| Result of left to right shunt | Ventricular Septal Defect
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| What happens as a result of a ventricular septal defect | Left ventricle pumps blood both to aorta (normal) and through defect into right ventricle
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| Why is a Ventricular Septal Defect acyanotic? | Because oxygenated blood is still being pumped by the left ventricle
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| What happens as a result of a right to left shunt | Ventricular Septal Defect and stenosis of pulmonary semilunar valve
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| Describe the direction of blood flow through the ventricles | Right ventricle pumps blood thru defect into left ventricle
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| Why is a right to left shunt cyanotic? | Because deoxygenated blood is entering left ventricle and systemic circulation
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| How much can blood flow increase with exercise? | 4-5 times
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| When is coronary blood flow greatest? | When the heart is at rest
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| Coronary arteries can form ___________ (connection between vessels) | Anastomoses
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| Name for heart condition in which a decrease in coronary blood flow results in a decreased oxygen to myocardium | Ischemia
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| Definition of Angina pectoris | Chest pain that usually resolves following rest
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| Myocardial infarction (heart attack) def. | Death of myocardial cells due to coronary artery occlusion
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| Signs/symptoms of a heart attack | Crushing chest pain, nausea, sweating, fatigue, heartburn, upset stomach
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| Secondary signs/symptoms of a heart attack | Elevated blood levels of cardiac enzymes, CPK, AST, LDH, troponin
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| SA node; SA stands for: | Sinoatrial node
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| Location of SA node | Upper posterior wall of right atrium
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| Sinoatrial node AKA | Pacemaker - originates cardiac impulse
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| Where do atrial conducting fibers transmit impulses | Thru atria
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| Atrioventricular nodes (AV nodes) do what? | Slow impulses
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| Location of Bundle of His | Interventricular septum
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| Bundle of His- left and right branches travel thru: | Interventricular septum
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| Function of Purkinje Fibers | Transmit cardiac impulse through myocardium of ventricles
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| What does "automaticity" refer to? | The heart's ability to generate the cardiac impulse
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| Rhythmicity refers to: | The heart conducting the cardiac impulses at regular intervals
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| Dysrhythmia def. | Disturbance in heart's normal rhythm
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| Ventricular fibrillation def. | Uncoordinated contraction of myocardium causing the heart muscle to quiver. The heart is unable to pump blood.
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| Ectopic focus def. | Cardiac impulses are generated from cardiac tissue other than the SA node
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| EGC: what does it do? | Electrocardiograph. Measures the electrical activity of the heart on the surface of the skin.
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| P-wave represents | Atrial depolarization
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| QRS complex represents | Ventricular depolarization
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| T-wave represents | Ventricular repolarization
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| On a normal sinus rhythm, ECG: | Appears normal and cardiac impulses originate from the SA node.
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Created by:
CBaney
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