chapter 6 muscles
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| skeletal | attached to bones or, for some facial muscles, to skin
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| cardiac | walls of the heart
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| smooth | mostly in walls of hallow visceral organs (other than the heart)
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| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle
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| fascia | connective tissue located outside of the epimysium- surrounds and separates muscles.
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| perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi
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| fibers | single muscle cells that compose the fasciculi
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| endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds fibers
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| myofibrils | fills the cytoplasm of each fiber. A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other,
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| 2 major protein fibers | actin and myosin
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| actin myofilaments | thin
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| mysosin myofilaments | thick
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| sarcomere | the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| presynaptic terminal is filled with | synaptic vesicles
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter
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| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past past myosin myofilaments during contraction. the H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change in length.
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | the time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | the muscle is relaxed
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| tetany | the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate
needed for energy for muscle contraction,
produced in the mitochondria,
short lived and unstable,
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| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic
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| isometric | equal distance- the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| isotonic | equal tension- the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin | head- the most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergist | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | one muscle that plays the major role in movement
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| how are muscles named? | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function. most have names that are descriptive
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| lavator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| mastication | chewing
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| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pairs of pterygoids, temporalis, and massester
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| sternocleidomastoid | neck muscle
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| intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape of the tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscles | moves the tongue
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| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back, keeps the straight and body erect
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| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles
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| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| diaphragm | dome shaped muscle- accomplishes quiet breathing
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| rotates scapula | trapezius
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| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior
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| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major
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| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extents the arm | latissimus dorsi
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| attaches the humerus to the scapula and the clavicle, the major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid
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| extends the forearm | triceps brachii
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| flexes the forearm | biceps brachii
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| flexes forearm | brachialis
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| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialis
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| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| Sartorius | flexes the thigh
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| hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle
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