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chapter 6 muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| skeletal | attached to bones or, for some facial muscles, to skin |
| cardiac | walls of the heart |
| smooth | mostly in walls of hallow visceral organs (other than the heart) |
| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle |
| fascia | connective tissue located outside of the epimysium- surrounds and separates muscles. |
| perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi |
| fibers | single muscle cells that compose the fasciculi |
| endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds fibers |
| myofibrils | fills the cytoplasm of each fiber. A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other, |
| 2 major protein fibers | actin and myosin |
| actin myofilaments | thin |
| mysosin myofilaments | thick |
| sarcomere | the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal |
| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber |
| presynaptic terminal is filled with | synaptic vesicles |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter |
| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past past myosin myofilaments during contraction. the H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change in length. |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | the time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | the muscle is relaxed |
| tetany | the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate needed for energy for muscle contraction, produced in the mitochondria, short lived and unstable, |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic |
| isometric | equal distance- the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| isotonic | equal tension- the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes |
| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| origin | head- the most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergist | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | one muscle that plays the major role in movement |
| how are muscles named? | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function. most have names that are descriptive |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| lavator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pairs of pterygoids, temporalis, and massester |
| sternocleidomastoid | neck muscle |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | moves the tongue |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back, keeps the straight and body erect |
| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | dome shaped muscle- accomplishes quiet breathing |
| rotates scapula | trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior |
| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extents the arm | latissimus dorsi |
| attaches the humerus to the scapula and the clavicle, the major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid |
| extends the forearm | triceps brachii |
| flexes the forearm | biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | brachialis |
| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialis |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | flexes the thigh |
| hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh |
| gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle |
Created by:
kaleigh.khaos
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