chapter 6 muscles
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| contractility | shorten with force
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| excitability | respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | recoil back to resting length
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| fascia | located outside of the epimysium
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| epimysium | connective tissue sheath that covers the skeletal muscle
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| fascicle/fasciculi | numerous bundle of muscles
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| perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds the fascicle
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| fibers (muscles fibers) | single muscle cell
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| myofibrils | thread-like structure that expands from one end of the fiber to the other
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| endomysium | each fiber in a connective tissue
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| sarcomeres | units the make up actin and myosin myofilaments
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| myofibrils | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| sarcomere | basic structural
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| resting membrane potential | charge distance across the membrane
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| action potential | brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potential to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromusclular junction/synapse | each branch that connects the muscle forms
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it inntervates
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| neuromusclular junction | is formed by an enlarged nerve terminal
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| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged never terminal
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| syaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynsaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| synaptic vesicles | presynaptic terminal that secretes neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholinesterase | the acetylcholine released is rapidly broken down by enzymes
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| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin past myosin myofilaments during contration
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus in the muscles
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| threshold | a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until it reaches a level
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| all-or-none response | the phenomenon
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| lag phase | time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of an contraction
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| contraction phase | time on contraction
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| relexation phase | time which muscles are relexed
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| tetany | where the muscle stay contracted without relexing
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| recruitment | an increase of motor units being activated
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| ATP | is needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| ADP | more stable than ATP and has phosphate
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient)
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| isometric | equal distance
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| isotonic | equal tension
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| muscle tone | contrast tension
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| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant
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| origin | most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | greatest movement of the muscle
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| belly | portion between the head and insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together
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| antagonists | muscles in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | in the synergists, where one muscles plays a major role
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| occipitofrontalis | rasises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens cheeks
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| leavator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| mastication | chewing
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