Axial and Appendicular Skeleton; Chapter 8; UIUC MCB 244
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| Axial Skeleton | bones along the central axis of the body; 3 regions- skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage; Function is to form framework that supports and protects organs; spongy bone of most contains hemopoietic tissue responsible for blood cell formation
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| Appendicular skeleton | bones of upper and lower limbs and girdles of bones that attach them to axial skeleton.
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| Skull | composed of cranial and facial bones
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| Cranial Bones | form around the cranium, which encloses the brain; 8 bones
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| Facial Bones | form face; protect entrances to digestive and respiratory systems; give shape and individuality to face, from part of orbital and nasal cavities, support teeth, provide muscle attachment for facial expression and mastication (chew) 14 bones
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| Cranial cavity | encloses, protects and supports brain
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| Frontal bone | forms the forehead
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| superciliary arches | brow ridges
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| nasal bone | form bony bridge of the nose
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| Glabella | superior to nasal bones and between the orbits
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| Maxillae | left and right fuse to form UPPER jaw and lateral boundaries of nasal cavity; form roof of oral cavity and portion of floor of each orbit
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| Mental protuberance | chin of the mandible
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| Alveolar processes | in oral margins of the maxillae and mandible and contain teeth
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| Anterior nasal spine | very base of nasal septum, right above teeth; marks inferior border of nasal cavity
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| Nasal spetum | divides nasal cavity into right and left halves; perpendicular plate of ethmoid above vomer
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| Calvaria | roof of cranium, composed of parts of frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone
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| Cranial base | composed of portions of ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, temporal bones
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| Orbit openings | Superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure
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| Coronal suture | articulation between frontal and parietal bones
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| Sagittal suture | connects left and right parietal bones
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| Lambdoid suture | suture between occipital and parietal bones, sutural bones between occipital and parietal
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| External occipital protuberance | prominence on posterior aspect of skull
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| Superior and inferior nuchal lines | intersect external occipital protuberance
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| pterion | portion of sphenoid bone, articulates with frontal parietal and temporal bones
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| temporomandibular joint | mandible articulated with mandibular fossa or temporal bone
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| zygomatic arch | fused portion of temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone
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| Mastoid process | temporal bone; bump behind external ear opening
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| Hard palate | roof of mouth; formed by palatine process of maxillae and palatine bones
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| pterygoid process | sphenoid bone; medial pterygoid + lateral pterygoid plates
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| jugular foramen | opening between temporal and occipital bones, passageway of internal jugular vein and nerves
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| carotid canal | anteromedial to jugular foramen ; internal carotid artery passage
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| stylomastoid foramen | between mastoid process and styloid process
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| occipital condyles | articulate with first cervical vertebra; facial nerve extending through here
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| hypoglossal canal | at edge of occipital condyles; hypoglossal nerve
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| sella turcica | bony depression on sphenoid, houses pituitary gland
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| sutures | immovable joints; form boundaries between cranial bones; connected by dense regular CT
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| squamous suture | articulated temporal bone and parietal bone on each side of skull
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| Paranasal sinuses | ai filled chambers open into nasal cavity; mucous membrane humidifies and warms inhaled air, provide resonance to voice; ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses
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| auditory ossicles | 3 ear bones; petrous part of temporal bones; Malleus, incus, stapes
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| Hyoid Bone | between mandible and larynx; medial body and 2 processes (greater/lesser cornua) attachment sites for tongue and larynx muscles and ligaments
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| vertebral column | 24 vertebrae, fused sacrum and coccyx
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| cervical vertebrae | bones of neck; 7 vertebrae, C1-C7; kidney shaped bodies; distinguished by transverse foramina (happy fish)
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| Atlas | C1, cervical vertebrae; articulated with occipital condyles; lacks spinous process
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| Axis | C2, cervical vertebrae; acts as pivot for rotation; fuses with body of axis
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | 12; heart shaped bodies; costal facets; T11 and 12 lack transverse costa facets
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| Lumbar vertebrae | largest, thick oval body;NO transverse foramina or costal facets
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| Sacrum | triangular bone, forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity; apex- narrow, pointed portion of the bone projecting inferiorly
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| Coccyx | fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae; attachment site for ligaments and muscles
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| Thoracic cage | consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum
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| Sternum | flat bone; Manubrium- superior portion has two clavicular notches and suprasternal notch (first ribs cartilages); Body- longest part; Xiphoid process- at tip of sterum
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| True Ribs | connect individually to sternum by cartilaginous extensions (costal cartilages) ribs 1-7
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| False Ribs | DO NOT attach directly to sternum; ribs 8-12; ribs 11+12 are floating ribs
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