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A&P Skeleton
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton; Chapter 8; UIUC MCB 244
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Axial Skeleton | bones along the central axis of the body; 3 regions- skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage; Function is to form framework that supports and protects organs; spongy bone of most contains hemopoietic tissue responsible for blood cell formation |
| Appendicular skeleton | bones of upper and lower limbs and girdles of bones that attach them to axial skeleton. |
| Skull | composed of cranial and facial bones |
| Cranial Bones | form around the cranium, which encloses the brain; 8 bones |
| Facial Bones | form face; protect entrances to digestive and respiratory systems; give shape and individuality to face, from part of orbital and nasal cavities, support teeth, provide muscle attachment for facial expression and mastication (chew) 14 bones |
| Cranial cavity | encloses, protects and supports brain |
| Frontal bone | forms the forehead |
| superciliary arches | brow ridges |
| nasal bone | form bony bridge of the nose |
| Glabella | superior to nasal bones and between the orbits |
| Maxillae | left and right fuse to form UPPER jaw and lateral boundaries of nasal cavity; form roof of oral cavity and portion of floor of each orbit |
| Mental protuberance | chin of the mandible |
| Alveolar processes | in oral margins of the maxillae and mandible and contain teeth |
| Anterior nasal spine | very base of nasal septum, right above teeth; marks inferior border of nasal cavity |
| Nasal spetum | divides nasal cavity into right and left halves; perpendicular plate of ethmoid above vomer |
| Calvaria | roof of cranium, composed of parts of frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone |
| Cranial base | composed of portions of ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, temporal bones |
| Orbit openings | Superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure |
| Coronal suture | articulation between frontal and parietal bones |
| Sagittal suture | connects left and right parietal bones |
| Lambdoid suture | suture between occipital and parietal bones, sutural bones between occipital and parietal |
| External occipital protuberance | prominence on posterior aspect of skull |
| Superior and inferior nuchal lines | intersect external occipital protuberance |
| pterion | portion of sphenoid bone, articulates with frontal parietal and temporal bones |
| temporomandibular joint | mandible articulated with mandibular fossa or temporal bone |
| zygomatic arch | fused portion of temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
| Mastoid process | temporal bone; bump behind external ear opening |
| Hard palate | roof of mouth; formed by palatine process of maxillae and palatine bones |
| pterygoid process | sphenoid bone; medial pterygoid + lateral pterygoid plates |
| jugular foramen | opening between temporal and occipital bones, passageway of internal jugular vein and nerves |
| carotid canal | anteromedial to jugular foramen ; internal carotid artery passage |
| stylomastoid foramen | between mastoid process and styloid process |
| occipital condyles | articulate with first cervical vertebra; facial nerve extending through here |
| hypoglossal canal | at edge of occipital condyles; hypoglossal nerve |
| sella turcica | bony depression on sphenoid, houses pituitary gland |
| sutures | immovable joints; form boundaries between cranial bones; connected by dense regular CT |
| squamous suture | articulated temporal bone and parietal bone on each side of skull |
| Paranasal sinuses | ai filled chambers open into nasal cavity; mucous membrane humidifies and warms inhaled air, provide resonance to voice; ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses |
| auditory ossicles | 3 ear bones; petrous part of temporal bones; Malleus, incus, stapes |
| Hyoid Bone | between mandible and larynx; medial body and 2 processes (greater/lesser cornua) attachment sites for tongue and larynx muscles and ligaments |
| vertebral column | 24 vertebrae, fused sacrum and coccyx |
| cervical vertebrae | bones of neck; 7 vertebrae, C1-C7; kidney shaped bodies; distinguished by transverse foramina (happy fish) |
| Atlas | C1, cervical vertebrae; articulated with occipital condyles; lacks spinous process |
| Axis | C2, cervical vertebrae; acts as pivot for rotation; fuses with body of axis |
| Thoracic Vertebrae | 12; heart shaped bodies; costal facets; T11 and 12 lack transverse costa facets |
| Lumbar vertebrae | largest, thick oval body;NO transverse foramina or costal facets |
| Sacrum | triangular bone, forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity; apex- narrow, pointed portion of the bone projecting inferiorly |
| Coccyx | fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae; attachment site for ligaments and muscles |
| Thoracic cage | consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum |
| Sternum | flat bone; Manubrium- superior portion has two clavicular notches and suprasternal notch (first ribs cartilages); Body- longest part; Xiphoid process- at tip of sterum |
| True Ribs | connect individually to sternum by cartilaginous extensions (costal cartilages) ribs 1-7 |
| False Ribs | DO NOT attach directly to sternum; ribs 8-12; ribs 11+12 are floating ribs |
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