Thoracic NS
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| The PNS has efferent (motor) fibers that | convey neural impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands (effector organs)
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| afferent (sensory) fibers that | convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and sensory receptors.
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| Peripheral nerves are either | cranial nerves (12 pairs), which arise directly from the brain (CN I-X; XII) or the superior part of the spinal cord (CN XI), or spinal nerves (31 pairs)
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| The central nervous system (CNS) | consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS integrates and coordinates incoming and outgoing neural signals and carries out higher mental functions, such as thinking and learning.
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| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) | consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impulses to or away from the CNS. The PNS connects the CNS with peripheral structures.
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| Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as | rootlets
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| Rootlets converge to form an | anterior root, consisting of motor fibers, and a posterior root, consisting of sensory fibers.
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| The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the | anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter.
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| The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in | posterior root ganglia.
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| The posterior and anterior nerve roots unite to form a | mixed spinal nerve,
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| immediately divides into anterior and posterior rami | mixed spinal nerve
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| The anterior rami of nerves T1-T11 form the | intercostal nerves that run through the intercostal spaces.
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| The anterior ramus of nerve T12 is known as the | subcostal nerve.
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| The intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles and give off | lateral and anterior cutaneous branches.
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| Small collateral branches of the intercostal nerves can be found in the | intercostal space along the superior border of the lower rib.
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| The autonomic (visceral) nervous system | consists of visceral efferent (motor) fibers that stimulate smooth (involuntary) muscle, modified cardiac muscle, and glands.
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| These fibers are accompanied by visceral afferent (sensory) fibers that | conduct visceral pain impulses and regulate visceral function.
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| The parasympathetic division leaves the CNS in association with what cranial nerves and with what spinal nerves | III, VII, IX, and X; S2 to S4.
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| The sympathetic division leaves the spinal cord with the somatic components of spinal nerves | T1 to L2 (or sometimes L3).
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| The parasympathetic division promotes | normal visceral function
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| the sympathetic division prepares the body to | “fight or flight.”
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| In both divisions of the ANS, conduction of impulses from the CNS to the effector organ involves a | presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron.
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| The axon of a presynaptic neuron synapses on the cell body of a postsynaptic neuron in a | ganglion.
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| Parasympathetic neurons synapse in gangliawhere? | on or near the effector organ.
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| Sympathetic neurons synapse in where? | paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia.
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| Paravertebral ganglia are linked to form what on each side of the vertebral column? | right and left sympathetic trunks (chains)
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| Prevertebral ganglia are located near the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta and named according to the adjacent branch. These include the | celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia.
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| The cell bodies of presynaptic sympathetic neurons are located in the ___________ of the spinal cord at levels T1 through L2 | intermediolateral columns (IMLs)
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| Each presynaptic sympathetic fiber synapses with | 30 or more postsynaptic fibers.
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| Postsynaptic fibers destined for the neck, body wall, and limbs, leave the sympathetic trunks via _________ and enter ______________ | gray rami communicantes; adjacent anterior rami.
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| Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers enter | all branches of all 31 pairs of spinal nerves, including the posterior rami.
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| Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers destined for the heart, lungs, and esophagus pass through | cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
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| What nerves arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax? | The abdominopelvic splanchnic
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| The abdominopelvic neres arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax where they are known as the | thoracic splanchnic nerves.
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| Parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera is provided by the | vagus nerves (CN X).
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| Branches of the vagus nerves join branches of the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to form the | cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses.
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| The heart is innervated by autonomic nerve fibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic) from the | cardiac plexus.
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| The cardiac plexus is located on the | posterior surface of the ascending aorta, the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, and the anterior surface of the bifurcation of the trachea.
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| The lungs are innervated by nerve fibers from the | left and right pulmonary plexuses.
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| Parasympathetic contributions to the lungs come from the | vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
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| Sympathetic contributions to the lung come from the | cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves.
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| The esophagus is innervated by nerve fibers from the | esophageal plexus. Parasympathetic contributions of the esophagus come from the
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