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Thoracic NS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The PNS has efferent (motor) fibers that | convey neural impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands (effector organs) |
| afferent (sensory) fibers that | convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and sensory receptors. |
| Peripheral nerves are either | cranial nerves (12 pairs), which arise directly from the brain (CN I-X; XII) or the superior part of the spinal cord (CN XI), or spinal nerves (31 pairs) |
| The central nervous system (CNS) | consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS integrates and coordinates incoming and outgoing neural signals and carries out higher mental functions, such as thinking and learning. |
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) | consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impulses to or away from the CNS. The PNS connects the CNS with peripheral structures. |
| Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as | rootlets |
| Rootlets converge to form an | anterior root, consisting of motor fibers, and a posterior root, consisting of sensory fibers. |
| The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the | anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter. |
| The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in | posterior root ganglia. |
| The posterior and anterior nerve roots unite to form a | mixed spinal nerve, |
| immediately divides into anterior and posterior rami | mixed spinal nerve |
| The anterior rami of nerves T1-T11 form the | intercostal nerves that run through the intercostal spaces. |
| The anterior ramus of nerve T12 is known as the | subcostal nerve. |
| The intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles and give off | lateral and anterior cutaneous branches. |
| Small collateral branches of the intercostal nerves can be found in the | intercostal space along the superior border of the lower rib. |
| The autonomic (visceral) nervous system | consists of visceral efferent (motor) fibers that stimulate smooth (involuntary) muscle, modified cardiac muscle, and glands. |
| These fibers are accompanied by visceral afferent (sensory) fibers that | conduct visceral pain impulses and regulate visceral function. |
| The parasympathetic division leaves the CNS in association with what cranial nerves and with what spinal nerves | III, VII, IX, and X; S2 to S4. |
| The sympathetic division leaves the spinal cord with the somatic components of spinal nerves | T1 to L2 (or sometimes L3). |
| The parasympathetic division promotes | normal visceral function |
| the sympathetic division prepares the body to | “fight or flight.” |
| In both divisions of the ANS, conduction of impulses from the CNS to the effector organ involves a | presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron. |
| The axon of a presynaptic neuron synapses on the cell body of a postsynaptic neuron in a | ganglion. |
| Parasympathetic neurons synapse in gangliawhere? | on or near the effector organ. |
| Sympathetic neurons synapse in where? | paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia. |
| Paravertebral ganglia are linked to form what on each side of the vertebral column? | right and left sympathetic trunks (chains) |
| Prevertebral ganglia are located near the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta and named according to the adjacent branch. These include the | celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia. |
| The cell bodies of presynaptic sympathetic neurons are located in the ___________ of the spinal cord at levels T1 through L2 | intermediolateral columns (IMLs) |
| Each presynaptic sympathetic fiber synapses with | 30 or more postsynaptic fibers. |
| Postsynaptic fibers destined for the neck, body wall, and limbs, leave the sympathetic trunks via _________ and enter ______________ | gray rami communicantes; adjacent anterior rami. |
| Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers enter | all branches of all 31 pairs of spinal nerves, including the posterior rami. |
| Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers destined for the heart, lungs, and esophagus pass through | cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves |
| What nerves arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax? | The abdominopelvic splanchnic |
| The abdominopelvic neres arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax where they are known as the | thoracic splanchnic nerves. |
| Parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera is provided by the | vagus nerves (CN X). |
| Branches of the vagus nerves join branches of the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to form the | cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses. |
| The heart is innervated by autonomic nerve fibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic) from the | cardiac plexus. |
| The cardiac plexus is located on the | posterior surface of the ascending aorta, the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, and the anterior surface of the bifurcation of the trachea. |
| The lungs are innervated by nerve fibers from the | left and right pulmonary plexuses. |
| Parasympathetic contributions to the lungs come from the | vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves. |
| Sympathetic contributions to the lung come from the | cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves. |
| The esophagus is innervated by nerve fibers from the | esophageal plexus. Parasympathetic contributions of the esophagus come from the |
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