Exercise 39, 58, 59
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| What is the endocrine system consisted of? | ductless glands that act together with parts of the nervous system to help control body activities
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| What do the endocrine system secrete and where? | secrete regulatory molecules called hormones into the internal environment of interstitial fluid
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| What CELL does the hormone influence? | When hormones are transported into the blood, they influence target cells
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| Once the hormones are at the target cells, what do they do? | the hormones bind to receptors, resulting in the activation processes leading to functional changes within the target cells.
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| what do hormones influence? | rate of metabolic reactions, the transport of substances through cell membranes, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, and many other functions
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| what transports the hormones? | blood
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| another name for the pituitary stalk | infundulum
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| another name for the pituitary gland | hypophysis
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| another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland | adenohypophysis
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| another name for the posterior lobe | neurohypophysis
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| another name for the adrenal glands | suprarenal glands
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| What do paracrine secretions influence? | neighboring cells
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| What do autocrine secretions influence? | the secreting cell itself
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| secretions of endocrine glands are usually controlled b what feedback system? | negative feedback system
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| What is a result of the endocrine gland's negative feedback? | the concentrations of hormones in body fluids remain relatively stable, although they will fluctuate slightly within a normal range
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| Where is the pituitary gland located? | in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
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| What does the anterior lobe do and what does it appear like? | makes hormones and appears glandular
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| what does the posterior lobe do and what does it appear like? | stores and releases hormones made by hypothalamus and is nervous in appearance
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| acidophil cells | pink-stained granules located in anterior lobe
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| basophil cells | blue-stained granules located in anterior lobe
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| What are acidophil cells and basophil cells and what do they do? | they are hormone-secreting cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)
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| What does the posterior lobe store and releases? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
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| where are the hormones in the posterior lobe synthesized? | in the hypothalamus
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| In the thyroid gland, what are the cells forming the wall of a follicle? | simple cuboidal cells
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| What do the cells of the thyroid gland secrete? | thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
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| what do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete? | calcitonin
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| What do the chief cells secrete in the parathyroid gland? | secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| what are the most noted corticosteroids secreted from the Adrenal gland? | aldosterone from zona glomerulosa, cortisol from zona fasciculata, estrogens and androgens from zona reticularis
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| What does the medulla cells of the adrenal gland secrete? | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| What does the pancreas gland consists of ? | largely of deeply stained exocrine cells arranged in clusters around the secretory ducts. These exocrine cells (acinar) cells secrete pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
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| Another name for pancreatic islets | islets of Langerhans
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| What do the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) represent? | the endocrine portion of pancreas --> beta cells, alpha cells, and delta cells
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| What do the beta cells secrete? | insulin
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| what do the alpha cells secrete? | glucagon
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| What do the delta cells secrete? | somatostatin
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| The organs of the MALE reproductive system are specialized to do what? | produce and maintain the male sex cells, to transport these cells together with supporting fluids to female reproductive tract, and produce and secrete male sex hormones
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| What provides a lower temperature necessary for sperm production and storage? | scrotum
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| Within the testes, what produces sperm (spermatozoa) by spermatogenesis? | the seminiferous tubules
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| Within the testes, what produces testosterone and releases it for transport in the bloodstream? | interstitial cells
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| What does testosterone influence? | sex drive and development of secondary sex characteristics
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| What is the rete testis? | A tubular network which joins the tightly coiled epididymis through efferent ductules for sperm to enter
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| Where is immature sperm stored and nourished before their maturation? | within head, body, and tail of epidiymis
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| Another name for ductus deferns | vas deferens
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| What passes through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and posterior urinary bladder? | spermatic cord
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| What does the seminal vesicles unite with to form the ejaculatory ducts? | spermatic cord
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| What is secreted by the seminal vesicles? | an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins
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| The ejaculatory ducts unite with? | urethra within the prostate gland.
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| What is the combination of sperm and the secretions from the accessory gland? | semen
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| What is a common tube to convey semen and urine? | urethra
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| What does the urethra pass through? | through the penis within the corpus spongiosum to externa urethral orifice
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| What does the corpus spongiosum plus two corpora cavernosa provide? | vascular spaces that become engorged with blood during erection
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| What is the prepuce? | loose fold of skin, forming cuff over glans penis
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| What are the paired organs suspended by spermatic cord within scrotum? | testes
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| What are the subdivisions of testes? | lobules
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| what are the long, tiny, coiled tubes that are the site of spermatogenesis? | Seminiferous tubules
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| Another name for the interstitial cells | Leydig cells
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| What are the endocrine cells between the seminiferous tubules that produce and secrete testosterone? | interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
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| What is a network of channels from seminiferous tubules to efferent ductules? | rete testis
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| What are several ducts from rete testis to epididymis? | efferent ductules
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| What contains ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels? | the spermatic cord
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| Where is the site of sperm maturation and storage? | epidiymis
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| What is a muscular tube that transports and stores sperm? | ductus deferens (vas deferens)
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| What is the name of the tube within prostate gland from ductus deferens to urethra? | ejaculatory duct
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| What is another name for seminal vesicles? | seminal glands?
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| What are paired glands that produce most of seminal fluid? | seminal vesicles
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| What produces seminal fluid that helps to activate sperm? | prostate gland
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| What is the gland in which its secretions neutralize ant residual acidic urine? | bulbourethral glands
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| What is a protective covering of testes and epididymis? | scrotum
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| What is the male copulatory organ? | penis
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| What is a corpora cavernosa? | paired erectile tusse cylinders; engorge with blood during an erection
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| What is a corpus spongiosum? | single erectile tissue culiner; engorges with blood during an erection
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| What is a glans penis? | expanded distal end of penis
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| What is another name for prepuce? | forskin
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| What is a prepuce? | a fold of skin around glans penis; removed if a surgical circumcision is performed
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| The organs of the FEMALE reproductive system are specialized to do what? | produce and maintain the female sex cells, to transport these cells to site of fertilization, provide a favorable environment for developing offspring, move offspring to outside, and produce female sex hormones
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| What produces the egg cells and the female sex hormons | ovaries
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| What are considered the accessory organs? | the sets of internal and external genitalia
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| What is oogenesis? | a process of meiosis in which follicle are in development to produce ova (eggs)
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| What secretes estrogen and progesterone, and later degenerates to form a corpus albicans? | corpus luteum
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| Other names of the uterine tube in the female reproductive system? | oviduct; fallopian tube
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| What are paired organs that produce ova and sex hormones? | ovaries
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| What holds the reproductive organs in place? | ligaments
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| What is the broad ligament? | the largest ligament attaches to uterine tube, ovary, and uterus
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| What does the suspensory ligament of ovary due? | holds superior end of ovary to pelvic wall
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| What attaches the ovary to the uterus? | ovarian ligament
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| What is the round ligament of uterus? | band within broad ligament from lateral uterus to CT of external genitalia
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| What are the uterine tubes (oviducts; fallopian tubes)? | paired tubes; site of fertilization and early cleavage development
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| What are the slender extensions on end of the infundibulum? | fimbriae
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| What houses embryonic and fetal development during pregnancy? | uterus
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| What is the fundus of the uterus? | wide superior curvature
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| What is the body of uterus? | Large middle section
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| What is the cervix of uterus? | inferior cylindrical end
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| What is the narrow passage within the cervix? | cervical canal
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| What is the opening into the vagina within the cervix of the uterus? | external OS
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| What is the endometrium of the uterine wall? | inner mucosal layer iwth simple columnar epithelium and numerous tubular glands
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| What is the myometrium of the uterine wall? | the thick middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth
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| What is the perimetrium (serosa; serous coat) of the uterine wall? | outer layer
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| What is the inferior recess of peritoneal cavity between rectum and uterus? | rectouterine pouch
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| What is a tube that receives penis during sexual intercourse? | vagina
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| What is considered the birth canal? | vagina
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| The external genitalia is also called the | vulva; pudendum
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| What is the rounded elevation with adipose tissue anterior to pubic symphysis? | mons pubis
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| What is the folds of skin with hair that enclose and protect structures between them? | labia majora
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| what is the lesser hair-free folds between labia majora? | labia minora
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| What is the small projection at anterior end of vestibule? | clitoris
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| What is formed during prenatal development? | primordial follicles
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| What does a primary follicle contain? | a primary oocyte that undergoes oogenesis
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| What the the primary follicle develop into? | a secondary follicle and later on a mature tertiary follicle before ovulation of a secondary oocyte
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| After ovulation, where is the secondary oocyte conveyed? | through the uterine tube by action of cilia and peristaltic waves
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| What are the 3 regions of uterus? | fundus, body, cervix
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| What are the 3 layers of uterine wall? | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
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