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Lab Practical #2
Exercise 39, 58, 59
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the endocrine system consisted of? | ductless glands that act together with parts of the nervous system to help control body activities |
| What do the endocrine system secrete and where? | secrete regulatory molecules called hormones into the internal environment of interstitial fluid |
| What CELL does the hormone influence? | When hormones are transported into the blood, they influence target cells |
| Once the hormones are at the target cells, what do they do? | the hormones bind to receptors, resulting in the activation processes leading to functional changes within the target cells. |
| what do hormones influence? | rate of metabolic reactions, the transport of substances through cell membranes, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, and many other functions |
| what transports the hormones? | blood |
| another name for the pituitary stalk | infundulum |
| another name for the pituitary gland | hypophysis |
| another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland | adenohypophysis |
| another name for the posterior lobe | neurohypophysis |
| another name for the adrenal glands | suprarenal glands |
| What do paracrine secretions influence? | neighboring cells |
| What do autocrine secretions influence? | the secreting cell itself |
| secretions of endocrine glands are usually controlled b what feedback system? | negative feedback system |
| What is a result of the endocrine gland's negative feedback? | the concentrations of hormones in body fluids remain relatively stable, although they will fluctuate slightly within a normal range |
| Where is the pituitary gland located? | in sella turcica of sphenoid bone |
| What does the anterior lobe do and what does it appear like? | makes hormones and appears glandular |
| what does the posterior lobe do and what does it appear like? | stores and releases hormones made by hypothalamus and is nervous in appearance |
| acidophil cells | pink-stained granules located in anterior lobe |
| basophil cells | blue-stained granules located in anterior lobe |
| What are acidophil cells and basophil cells and what do they do? | they are hormone-secreting cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| What does the posterior lobe store and releases? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) |
| where are the hormones in the posterior lobe synthesized? | in the hypothalamus |
| In the thyroid gland, what are the cells forming the wall of a follicle? | simple cuboidal cells |
| What do the cells of the thyroid gland secrete? | thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) |
| what do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete? | calcitonin |
| What do the chief cells secrete in the parathyroid gland? | secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| what are the most noted corticosteroids secreted from the Adrenal gland? | aldosterone from zona glomerulosa, cortisol from zona fasciculata, estrogens and androgens from zona reticularis |
| What does the medulla cells of the adrenal gland secrete? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What does the pancreas gland consists of ? | largely of deeply stained exocrine cells arranged in clusters around the secretory ducts. These exocrine cells (acinar) cells secrete pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes |
| Another name for pancreatic islets | islets of Langerhans |
| What do the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) represent? | the endocrine portion of pancreas --> beta cells, alpha cells, and delta cells |
| What do the beta cells secrete? | insulin |
| what do the alpha cells secrete? | glucagon |
| What do the delta cells secrete? | somatostatin |
| The organs of the MALE reproductive system are specialized to do what? | produce and maintain the male sex cells, to transport these cells together with supporting fluids to female reproductive tract, and produce and secrete male sex hormones |
| What provides a lower temperature necessary for sperm production and storage? | scrotum |
| Within the testes, what produces sperm (spermatozoa) by spermatogenesis? | the seminiferous tubules |
| Within the testes, what produces testosterone and releases it for transport in the bloodstream? | interstitial cells |
| What does testosterone influence? | sex drive and development of secondary sex characteristics |
| What is the rete testis? | A tubular network which joins the tightly coiled epididymis through efferent ductules for sperm to enter |
| Where is immature sperm stored and nourished before their maturation? | within head, body, and tail of epidiymis |
| Another name for ductus deferns | vas deferens |
| What passes through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and posterior urinary bladder? | spermatic cord |
| What does the seminal vesicles unite with to form the ejaculatory ducts? | spermatic cord |
| What is secreted by the seminal vesicles? | an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins |
| The ejaculatory ducts unite with? | urethra within the prostate gland. |
| What is the combination of sperm and the secretions from the accessory gland? | semen |
| What is a common tube to convey semen and urine? | urethra |
| What does the urethra pass through? | through the penis within the corpus spongiosum to externa urethral orifice |
| What does the corpus spongiosum plus two corpora cavernosa provide? | vascular spaces that become engorged with blood during erection |
| What is the prepuce? | loose fold of skin, forming cuff over glans penis |
| What are the paired organs suspended by spermatic cord within scrotum? | testes |
| What are the subdivisions of testes? | lobules |
| what are the long, tiny, coiled tubes that are the site of spermatogenesis? | Seminiferous tubules |
| Another name for the interstitial cells | Leydig cells |
| What are the endocrine cells between the seminiferous tubules that produce and secrete testosterone? | interstitial cells (Leydig cells) |
| What is a network of channels from seminiferous tubules to efferent ductules? | rete testis |
| What are several ducts from rete testis to epididymis? | efferent ductules |
| What contains ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels? | the spermatic cord |
| Where is the site of sperm maturation and storage? | epidiymis |
| What is a muscular tube that transports and stores sperm? | ductus deferens (vas deferens) |
| What is the name of the tube within prostate gland from ductus deferens to urethra? | ejaculatory duct |
| What is another name for seminal vesicles? | seminal glands? |
| What are paired glands that produce most of seminal fluid? | seminal vesicles |
| What produces seminal fluid that helps to activate sperm? | prostate gland |
| What is the gland in which its secretions neutralize ant residual acidic urine? | bulbourethral glands |
| What is a protective covering of testes and epididymis? | scrotum |
| What is the male copulatory organ? | penis |
| What is a corpora cavernosa? | paired erectile tusse cylinders; engorge with blood during an erection |
| What is a corpus spongiosum? | single erectile tissue culiner; engorges with blood during an erection |
| What is a glans penis? | expanded distal end of penis |
| What is another name for prepuce? | forskin |
| What is a prepuce? | a fold of skin around glans penis; removed if a surgical circumcision is performed |
| The organs of the FEMALE reproductive system are specialized to do what? | produce and maintain the female sex cells, to transport these cells to site of fertilization, provide a favorable environment for developing offspring, move offspring to outside, and produce female sex hormones |
| What produces the egg cells and the female sex hormons | ovaries |
| What are considered the accessory organs? | the sets of internal and external genitalia |
| What is oogenesis? | a process of meiosis in which follicle are in development to produce ova (eggs) |
| What secretes estrogen and progesterone, and later degenerates to form a corpus albicans? | corpus luteum |
| Other names of the uterine tube in the female reproductive system? | oviduct; fallopian tube |
| What are paired organs that produce ova and sex hormones? | ovaries |
| What holds the reproductive organs in place? | ligaments |
| What is the broad ligament? | the largest ligament attaches to uterine tube, ovary, and uterus |
| What does the suspensory ligament of ovary due? | holds superior end of ovary to pelvic wall |
| What attaches the ovary to the uterus? | ovarian ligament |
| What is the round ligament of uterus? | band within broad ligament from lateral uterus to CT of external genitalia |
| What are the uterine tubes (oviducts; fallopian tubes)? | paired tubes; site of fertilization and early cleavage development |
| What are the slender extensions on end of the infundibulum? | fimbriae |
| What houses embryonic and fetal development during pregnancy? | uterus |
| What is the fundus of the uterus? | wide superior curvature |
| What is the body of uterus? | Large middle section |
| What is the cervix of uterus? | inferior cylindrical end |
| What is the narrow passage within the cervix? | cervical canal |
| What is the opening into the vagina within the cervix of the uterus? | external OS |
| What is the endometrium of the uterine wall? | inner mucosal layer iwth simple columnar epithelium and numerous tubular glands |
| What is the myometrium of the uterine wall? | the thick middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth |
| What is the perimetrium (serosa; serous coat) of the uterine wall? | outer layer |
| What is the inferior recess of peritoneal cavity between rectum and uterus? | rectouterine pouch |
| What is a tube that receives penis during sexual intercourse? | vagina |
| What is considered the birth canal? | vagina |
| The external genitalia is also called the | vulva; pudendum |
| What is the rounded elevation with adipose tissue anterior to pubic symphysis? | mons pubis |
| What is the folds of skin with hair that enclose and protect structures between them? | labia majora |
| what is the lesser hair-free folds between labia majora? | labia minora |
| What is the small projection at anterior end of vestibule? | clitoris |
| What is formed during prenatal development? | primordial follicles |
| What does a primary follicle contain? | a primary oocyte that undergoes oogenesis |
| What the the primary follicle develop into? | a secondary follicle and later on a mature tertiary follicle before ovulation of a secondary oocyte |
| After ovulation, where is the secondary oocyte conveyed? | through the uterine tube by action of cilia and peristaltic waves |
| What are the 3 regions of uterus? | fundus, body, cervix |
| What are the 3 layers of uterine wall? | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
Created by:
elizabethcosio
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