The Media
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| adversarial press | press that skeptically questions government actions
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| Associated Press (AP) | the first formal news organization who could share news by wire service
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| Big Three networks | ABC, NBC and CBS developed the news standard formula
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| bully pulpit | stage from which a president can persuade the people, who can persuade Congress
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| C-SPAN | privately funded, non-profit service that airs the House and Senate daily
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| editorials | a newspaper's opinion pieces with no byline
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| equal time | any station who permits candidate for a given office to use its broadcast facilities must provide equal opportunities for all other candidates for that office
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| Fairness Doctrine | a policy which sought to ensure balance in the on-air coverage of controversial issues from 1949-1987
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| Federal Communications Commission (FCC) | agency created in 1934 to regulate electronic media
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| free press | an uninhibited institution that places an additional check on government to maintain honesty, ethics and transparency
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| gatekeeper | determining what is newsworthy and what will be aired
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| investigative reporting | reporters going undercover to expose corruption in government and other institutions
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| journalistic integrity | the obligation of a journalist to present an unbiased truth
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| libel | false and malicious material in prin
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| muckrakers | journalists in the early 1900s who "stirred up filth" in the cities
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| narrowcasting | news outlets trying to appeal to niche audiences
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| New York Times v United States (1971) | Supreme Court ruled that the government does not have the power of prior restraint
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| off the record | the information cannot be used in any way
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| Pentagon Papers | 7000 page document released to the New York Times detailing US involvement in Vietnam
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| press conference | the president's communication team holds a briefing for the press on an almost daily basis
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| prior restraint | mandated government approval in advance of publication
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| right of reply | guarantees a candidate a response to attacks on the air
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| shield laws | laws that allow reporters to keep their sources confidential
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| slander | false and malicious spoken words
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| watchdog | journalists' obligation to keep an eye on government or industry
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| wire service | sending news information originally by telegraph
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| yellow journalism | exaggerated stories filled with sensational crime and scandal
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