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Diagnostics

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Question
Answer
4 Disadvantages of using multiple side-hole guiding catheters:   Decreased contrast opacification/ backup support/ coronary pressure mon/possible kinking  
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Catheter plastic that has the LEAST memory and torque control, and is soft as to be used for most balloon floatation catheters?   Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)  
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What type of plastic is the stiffest, autoclavable, slipperiest, and GREATEST torque control?   Teflon (PTFE)  
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One danger with Teflon is that dilators:   Have dangerously hard and sharp tips  
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Polyurethane (PU) catheters should be used with a _________ guide wire.   Teflon coated; that way the wire doesn't stick inside the catheter (metal wires) and reduces the chance of damaging the guidewire  
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The ability to twist the catheter, and having the distal tip turn as well?   Torque control  
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What catheters do not have a braided steel mesh within the plastic?   Foley & Swan-Ganz  
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Most catheters cannot be reused. What "single use devices" may be sterilized by a 3rd party then reused?   Diagnostic EP electrodes  
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How much will a 2 mm ID catheter transmit at 500 psi (roughly)   16 ml/sec (2 to the 4th power = 16  
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How long are pigtail catheters usually?   110 cm  
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How is the curve of the JR (Judkins Right) coronary catheters measured?   From Primary bend (closest to the tip) TO Secondary bend (closest to the hub)  
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Normal left Left judkins formal diagnostic catheter size for adults?   JL4 (meaning the distance from primary bend to secondary is 4 cm long)  
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One french size equals?   .33 mm  
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What would be the french size of a catheter with a diameter of 2.66mm   8Fr  
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The Outside diameter of a 5.5 Fr catheter is?   1.83 mm  
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The tip diameter on standard diagnostic coronary catheters is?   .038 inch  
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Disadvantages of using guiding catheters, as compared to long sheaths in vascular intervention?   Larger arteriotomy required for guiders / No hemostatic side valve in guiders  
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Name the Five ports of a Swan-Ganz, and what they do?   1) Balloon port: inflates balloon 2)Proximal RA port(white): for additional lines 3)Distal Port(usually yellow): Pressure monitoring 4)Proximal Port(blue): Blue for the cold color of ICE 5)Thermister: goes to computer  
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How far up on the Swan-Ganz is the proximal injection port located? Other port locations?   Blue port 30 cm / Thermister 4 cm / Yellow port (distal tip)  
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When properly placed, what parts of the heart is the Swan-Ganz ports located?   Proximal (blue) port is in the RA, and the thermistor is in the Rt, Lt PA  
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What part of catheter is necessary for optimal WEDGE pressures?   End hole only  
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Your Bilater heart cath pt. has a (LBBB) on the ECG. What catheter should be inserted first and why?   Swan-Ganz PACING and WEDGE: because the pacing will help if the LBBB turns into RBB from irritation, plus the swan allows for wedge pressure as well  
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Right Heart catheter for an infant?   4 Fr Swan Ganz  
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What is a flow directed, balloon, tipped, pediatric flood angio catheter. That can also measure wedge pressure?   Berman  
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Two angio flood catheters that will recoil the least during a high flow injection?   Berman and Pigtail  
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Catheter that has the least chance of staining the endocardium during lV gram injection?   Pigtail  
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When doing a flood injection with a 4 or 5 Fr catheter. The injector pressure should not exceed:   1200 PSI (side note: the highest pressure is near the hub)  
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the IMA catheter (Internal Mammary) looks similar to what other catheter?   Judkins RIght  
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Catheter designed to do a complete LV and coronary angio from the femoral artery is?   Multipurpose  
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Complex selective catheter shapes are used mainly for cannulating?   Aortic side branches  
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The Brockenbrough transeptal catheter is designed to puncture?   Fossa Ovalis  
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Diagnostic catheter OD _____ size:   French  
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Inflated Balloon cath. OD:   mm.  
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Needle OD:   Gauge  
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Guide Wire OD measured in?   Inches  
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All vascular needles and catheters are fitted with ______ connectors:   Female luer lock  
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Seldinger needle that admits a .038 guide wire is?   18T gauge  
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Curved sheath for going over the aortic bifurcation (right leg to left) is the?   Balkin Introducer sheath  
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Guide wire diameters are usually measured in:   Thousands of inches  
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The core of a wrapped guide wire is termed:   its mandrel  
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What guide wire becomes slippery when wet, and has a nitinol spring tip   Termo "guide wire"  
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What guide wire is most kink- resistant?   Nitinol Core to tip wires  
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What guide wire is used to straighten tortuous coronary vessels? Hint: they are stiff in the region 2-15 cm from the tip, but flexible 1-2 cm tip.   Support wires  
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In nitinol tip guide wires the tip is?   Fixed and cannot be changed  
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Standard micropunture sizes?   21Gauge needle, and .018 inch wire  
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Type of guide wire designed for cerebral use?   Bentson wires (designed for selective cerebral cath) and commonly used in many peripheral procedures  
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Which type of guide wire is 260-300 cm long?   Exchange guides  
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Recommended clearance allowed between catheter ID and system OD?   .10-.13 cm  
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Standard guide wires for adult left heart cath? Length? Diameter?   145-150cm and .035-.038 diameter  
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7Fr unable to float past TV of a dialated right heart heart, try a?   .025 guide wire  
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What device allows one to easily pass a wire into a catheter?   Plastic sleeve tip-straightner  
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One reason to enlarge femoral site with scalpel is?   Reduce hematoma blood accumulation  
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When double flushing what do you do with the first syringe?   Drawn back blood forcefully into the syringe, then discard. usually 2-4 cc of blood  
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How does a venous puncture differ than an arterial puncture?   Ventous is unique with saline filled syringe that is fitted to the needle. This is because venous just ooze's while arterial shoots out  
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Pericardial disease patients need both Rt. and Lt heart cath?   True  
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With valvular heart disease such as Mitral what type of case is requried? Lt? Rt?   Both  
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pt.s that commonly recieve myocardial biopsy?   Heart transplant follow up / Cardiomyopathy  
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3 Common contraindications to left heart cath and coronary angiogram?   Hypertension (pulmonary edema, coronary ishemia) / Hypokalemia (cause ventricular arrythmias) / Fever (causes infections at access site)  
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How to relieve Ventricular irritability:   Lidocaine drip  
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How to relieve Hypertension:   VasoDilator therapy  
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How to relieve Fever:   Antibiotic therapy  
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How to relieve LV Failure:   Digitalis & Diuretics  
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How to relieve Hypokalemia:   KCI drip  
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How to relieve Allergy to contrast:   Steroids and Benadryl  
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If a patient is allergic to seafood then they are allergic to?   Protamine or Contrast  
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4 advantages of non-ionic contrast agent (Omnipaque)   Less; vasodilation, myocardial depression, elevation of LV-EDP, and nausa/ hot flashes  
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If a pt. comes to the lab with a contrast allergy, what should be given to them?   premedicated with 60mg Steroids(prednisone) / and Anti-histamine 50mg (Deiphenhydramine known as benadryl  
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Best way to prevent CVA and TIA during angiography is?   Using full systemic hemparization  
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Blood chemistry norms Sodium:   135-145 mEq/L  
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Blood chemistry norms Potassium:   3.5-4.5 mEq/L  
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Blood chemistry norms Chloride:   95-105 mEq/L  
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Blood chemistry norms Total Calcium:   .08-1.0 mEq/L  
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Blood chemistry norms Magnesium:   1.5-2.1 mEq/L  
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Blood chemistry norms Creatinine:   .8-1.4 mg  
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A patient with diabetes or renal insufficiency are at risk for CIN or renal failure. What should be done to reduce this from happening?   Administer .5 (1/2) normal saline drip the night before the procedure  
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Before the case starts, pt.'s should come to the lab with a PT (prothrombin Time):   <18  
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Percent of death rate? Percent of complications: stroke, heart attack?   Death rate .1% some say the range is .1 - .3% Stroke rate .25%  
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abbreviation/ acronym that refers to the worst complications of a cardiac procedure?   MACE (major adverse cardiac event)  
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Death Rate .1% or 1 in every ______.   1000  
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6 types of patients with the highest risk of mortality during catheterization:   Infants (<1), Valvular disease, Severe coronary obstruction, Functional class IV patients, LV dysfunction, severe cardiac disease.  
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Most common complication of PTCA is?   Coronary artery dissection at dilation site  
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pseudoaneurysm (false):   false aneurysmal chamber through a narrow neck.  
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True aneurysm:   chamber protruding through the artery  
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How does one fix a (false) aneurysm?   Ultrasound localization and application of COMPRESSOR CLAMP  
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Most common complication of cardiac ventriculography?   Ventricular tachycardia runs  
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Ventricular tachycardia and fib can also happen suddenly during?   Right coronary arteriography  
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Which type of patients is a vasovagal reaction most dangerous?   Critical aortic stenosis  
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Pyro -   Fever  
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Heart Complications, CVA: aka STROKE   Heparin  
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Heart Complications, Heart perforation:   Pericardial centesis  
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Heart Complications, Pulseless artery POST sones procedure:   Fogarty embolectomy  
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Heart Complications, Pyrogen reaction:   Morphine  
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Heart Complications, Phlebitis & fever POST pacemaker impl..:   Antibiotic  
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Heart Complications, Vasovagal Reaction:   Atropine  
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What 2 kinds of imaging is usually done for Pericardiocentesis?   Fluoro & 2 dimensional echo  
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Allergic reations, Rash, Nausea, Urticaria:   Benadryl, Prednisone, Decadron  
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Allergic reactions, Dyspnea, Wheezing, Syncope: or pt. going into anaphylatic shock   Epinephrine, Volume infusion  
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Allergic reactions, Seizure, hypotension, bradycardia, dyspnea:   CPR as needed  
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Allergic reactions, Seizure, vital signs ok:   Valium  
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In the immune response the foreign protein that stimulates antibody production is?   Antigen  
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T-cells are?   Lymphocytes  
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The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids which may be given in large doses to treat:   Inflammation and metabolic disorders  
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Plasma protein that plays an important role in antibody & immunity is?   Gamma-globulin  
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Hemodynamic effects of morphine include _______ venous capacitance and _______ Peripheral Vascular Resistance.   Increased capacitance, decreased PVR  
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Hemoptysis -   Coughing up Blood  
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First Heart cath (on horse):   Claude Bernard 1844  
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First Cath on Human (himself):   Werner Forssman 1929  
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Developed Percutaneous Technique:   S.I. Seldinger 1953  
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First Coronary arteriogram:   Mason Sones 1959  
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First Coronary Angioplasty:   Andreas Gruntzig 1977  
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Minimum case load necessary for a cath lab team to maintain?   >200 cases/year  
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Minimum case load necessary for physicians?   >75  
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Define an "ambulatory cath lab":   A lab which patients do not stay overnight in the hospital.  
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Normal PT time:   12-15 sec  
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Normal ACT time:   75-100  
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Class of Premedication: Antihistamine   Benadryl  
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Class of Premedication: Narcotic   Morphine  
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Class of Premedication: short acting, (narcotic like) Pain Duller   Demerol  
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Class of Premedication: Benzodiazapine (anti-anxiety agent)   Valium or Versed  
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Class of Premedication: Anti-Cholinergic   Atropine  
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PreMed common name: Demerol   Meperidine  
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PreMed common name: Valium   Diazepam  
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PreMed common name: Versed   Midazolam  
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PreMed common name: Benadryl   Diphenhydramine  
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PreMed common name: Belladonna   Atropine  
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Which sedative wears off within 30 mins following IV infusion?   Versed(midazolam) rapid onset 1-2 min with duration lasting roughly 30 min. The CNS depresent wears off 10 times faster than Valium  
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What platelet site does abcixamab(ReoPro) block?   Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa  
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Premedication commonly given prior to angioplasty to avoid coronary spasm?   Ca Channel Blocker called Nifedipine or Verapamil  
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Standard Dosage: Valium   5-10 mg IV,IM,or PO  
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Standard Dosage: Cimetadine (Tagamet)   50-300 mg  
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Standard Dosage: Benadryl (diphenhydramine)   10-50 mg IV / 25-50 mg PO  
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Standard Dosage: Belladonna   0.5-1.0 mg Subq, IV  
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Amount of cc's of heparin for complete systemic anticoagulation of average adult?   5 cc's  
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Amount of cc's of heparin injected directly into the brachial for a sones procedure?   3.0-5.0 cc's  
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Patient was given 2500 units of IV heparin. What amount of Protamine is needed to reverse 2500 units of heparin?   2.5 cc's  
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For a sones cutdown of the Brachial arter? First________.   Cut lateral, then lateral(perpendicular to the artery)  
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For a IJ punture, how should the patient be positioned?   Trendelenburg (Legs lifted up about 2ft)  
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The Syvek NT and Chito-Seal are?   Topical Hemostasis Accelerators  
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Where is the antecubital fossa?   In the Arm Pit  
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Suture used to repair the brachial arteriotomy is ______, and the skin suture is________.   6-0 Prolene or tevdec NON absorbable skin is 4-0 Dexon Plus absorbable  
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With prosthetic aortic, and Mitral valves. It may be impossible to enter the LV. another method is?   Direct LV apical puncture at PMI  
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For IJ puntures, how many degrees is the head suppose to be turned?   about 30 degrees right or left, but usually left  
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For a brachial cutdown, most physicians us #___ size scalpel blade?   #15  
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The Perclose hemostatic closure device uses?   Non-absorbable suture  
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What IV site is most difficult for hemostasis?   Subclavian  
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IMA bypass grafts can be studied easily from the ____ approach.   Ipsilateral brachial  
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Feeds what: LAD septals   Ant. IV septal  
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Feeds what: Distal LAD   Apex  
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Feeds what: LAD - diagonals   Anterior  
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Feeds what: Circumflex - Obtuse marg   Post-lateral  
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Feeds what: Distal RCA (post. desc.)   inferior  
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Feeds what: Prox RCA (acute marg)   RA & RV  
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In a Left dominant Coronary artery, what LV wall will be affected by a RCA MI?   NONE, because left dominace means it feed the posterior desending so no inferior lv wall impairment  
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Segments seen in an RAO LV angio?   Anterior, inferior, and Apical  
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False LV aneurysm is usually composed of buldging?   pericardium and clotted hematoma  
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What gauge is the long needle used for transeptal catheterization?   18G to 21G  
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Name of the atrial septal ridge? Where the transeptal cath is pulled down over.   Limbus or Limbic ledge  
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A pediatric heart cath usually starts with?   Puncture of the Femoral vein because a pediatric cath usually does both right and left  
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How many units of heparin should be administered for a pediatric left heart cath?   100 units/kg  
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Ages of pediatric: Premature?   Born before "term"  
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Ages of pediatric: Neonate?   <6 months of age  
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Ages of pediatric: Infant?   Between 6 months and 1 year of age  
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Ages of pediatric: Child?   Between 1 year and puberty  
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Distinguish between reversible and irreversible high pulmonary vascular resistance PVR is what test?   Right Cardiac cath with O2 or NO challenge  
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Normal adult SVR to PVR ration?   12:1 svr is 12 times greater  
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Abbreviations: BUN   Kidney function test (Blood urea nitrogen)  
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Abbreviations: CFA   Artery punctured for AO-gram (common femoral artery)  
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Abbreviations: NG   Feeding tube to stomach (Nasogastric)  
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Abbreviations: PFA   Artery supplying femor (Profunda Femoral artery)  
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Abbreviations: DSA   Computerized Digital X-ray imaging (digital subtraction angio)  
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Abbreviations: DVT   Thrombosis of leg veins (Deep vein thrombosis)  
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Abbreviations: IVP   Procedure where contrast injected IV to outline renal system ( Intravenous pyelogram)  
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Abbreviations: DP   Artery to front of foot (dorsalis pedis)  
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Abbreviations: SMA   Artery to the intestine (Superior mesenteric artery)  
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Abbreviations: V/Q   Radio-isotope scan of lung (Ventilation/Perfusion scan)  
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Abbreviations: PTA   Vascular angio..(Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty)  
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Abbreviations: KUB   X-ray of abdomen (Kidney, ureters, bladder)  
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Major disadvantage to multidetector CT?   Large volumes of iodinated contrast  
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Claudication is usually due to?   Atherosclerosis in the leg arteries  
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Moderate hyperkalemia shows what on EKG:   Peaked/ tented T wave  
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Moderate Hyopkalemia shows what on EKG:   prominent "U" wave  
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Hypercalcemia does what on EKG:   Short Q-T interval  
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Hypocalcemia shows what in EKG:   Prolonged Q-T interval  
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Most common sensor in Medtronic (VVIR) pacemaker is?   Motion  
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DDI/R   Excludes physiological VAT pacing  
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Where are the R2 defibrilator pads placed?   LV apex to Right scapula  
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Who discovered X-rays in 1895?   Roentgen  
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Who developed the fluoroscope in 1898?   Edison  
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Materials that emit light when stimulated by X-radiation are?   Phosphors  
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Area of the anode struck by the electron beam?   Target  
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Negative side of tube containing focusing cup?   Cathode  
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Heater that "boils" off electrons?   Filament  
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Positively charged metal wheel that dissipates heat?   Anode (rotating)  
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Metal shroud around filament cup that condenses electron beam?   Focusing cup  
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When you increase the X-ray tube mA, you are increasing the?   Filament temperature  
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Which part of the X-ray tube produces the X-ray photons?   Target of the rotating anode  
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The source of the electrons within an X-ray tube is the?   Filament  
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Why is tungsten utilized for both the filament and target?   Has a high melting point anode may reach 2000C, it must rotate fast to prevent melting  
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What part of the X-ray is negatively charged?   Cathode  
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One X-ray photon is generated in the X-ray tube when a high velocity:   Electron is suddenly slowed  
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Light stimulates it to emit electrons?   Photocathode  
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X-rays stimulate it to emit light?   Input Phospher (also known as the Cesium Iodide screen)  
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Converts electrons to light?   Output phosphor  
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Accelerates electrons?   Anode  
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Focus electron beam?   Electrostatic beam  
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The fluorescent screen of an image intensifier uses?   Cesium Iodide  
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Modern device that replaces the image intensifier tube and converts X-rays into visible light?   Flat panel detector  
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Ionizing radiation:   Roentgen  
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Occupational exposure measured:   REM (film badge)  
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Radiation absorbed in tissue:   RAD  
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Quantity of radioactive material:   Curie  
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Units for: RAD   Gray  
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Units for: REM   Sievert(Sv)  
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Units for: Roentgen   R or C/kg  
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Units for: Curie   Ci or Bq  
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What does RAD measure?   The amount of radiation absorbed by patient  
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What radiation unit is 100 times larger than the others?   Gray (Gy)  
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What radiographic view will produce the highest X-ray exposure to staff?   LAO  
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X-ray photon strength is most affected by?   Kiovoltage  
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Inadequate mA on x-ray results in?   inadequate x-ray photons being generated  
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What affects both quality, and quantity of the primary x-ray beam?   kVp  
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Decreasing mA:   no change quanlity, decreases quantity  
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Increasing mA:   no change quality, increases quantity  
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Increaseing kV:   Hardens quality, increases quantity  
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Decreasing kV:   softens quality, decreases quantity  
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Primary purpose of using a Grid in radiography is?   Filter scatter radiation  
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Grids are between the patient and the?   Image intensifier, to reduce scatter radiation fog  
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What does Collimate do? aka coning down   Moves the lead shutters / chief function is to reduce patient absorbed dose  
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Aluminum Filtration of primary X-ray beams is required by law to selectivly filter out harmful?   Soft-low energy X-rays  
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What period of pregnancy is the fetus most radiosensitive?   First trimester  
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