The Later Middle Ages
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| Black Death | Outbreak of plague(mostly bubonic) in the mid 14th century that killed 20 to 50% to European population; caused social, political, economic and cultural revolution and upheaval
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| Giovanni Boccaccio | 1313-1375, Italian writer and poet, best know work "Decameron", wrote of reaction to the plague
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| Flagellants | popular movement in 1348, men and women who migrated and flogged themselves to win God's forgiveness
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| Pogroms | Organized massacres of Jews, the worst were carried out in Germany; started a history of deep rooted Anti-Semitism
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| "Ars Moriendi" | Book from 1415, 'The Art of Dying', offer advice on how to die well or have a good death
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| Jacquerie | 1358 French peasant revolt in Northern France, this failed and peasants massacred
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| English Peasants' Revolt | Took place in 1381 as an immediate result of taxes, poll tax was eliminated and most pardoned
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| Hundred Years' War | War that broke out between England and France because Edward III had a claim to the French Throne; England lost in the end
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| Henry V of England | King that renewed Hundred Years' War and made himself heir to the French throne via Treaty of Troyes(1420)
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| Battle of Agincourt | Battle in 1415 (Hundred Years') where the French lost 6,000 men and the English only lost 300; staggering French defeat
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| Dauphin | Heir(oldest son of the king) to the French throne
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| Joan of Arc | Young woman from Doremy that received visions from God that led her to bring a French victory to the Hundred Years'
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| House of Lords | Body of English Parliament made up of aristocrats/ high clergy men
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| House of Commons | Body of English Parliament made up of those considered 'less than the lords'
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| Estates-General | French Parliament made up of the clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate(everyone other than the other two)
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| Gabelle | Hundred Years' War French tax on salt, put in place by Phillip VI
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| Taille | Hundred Years' War French tax on the hearth, put in place by Phillip VI
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| Holy Roman Empire | Empire that's core was the lands of Germany, made up of several independent states, began to fall apart in the High Middle Ages
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| Golden Bull(1356) | Document issues by Emperor Charles IV stating four princes and three lords elected the Holy Roman Emperor
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| City-States | a city and its surrounding territory that forms an independent state
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| Condottieri | leaders of bands of mercenaries in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder
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| Unam Sanctam (1302) | Document issued by Pope Boniface VIII; strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of spiritual authority
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| Avignon Papacy | Residency of the popes in Avignon for 72 years (1305-1377), starting with Clement V, successor of Boniface VIII
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| Great Schism | Crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two then three popes, ended by Council of Constance(1414-1418)
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| Conciliarism | A 14th-15th century European movement that held that final spiritual authority resided with general church council, result of the Great Schism
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| Vernacular Language | Everyday language of a region vs. the language used for official documents
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| Council of Pisa (1409) | Group of cardinals that elected Alexander V to try and end the Great Schism
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| Dante Alighieri | Florentine writer of "The Divine Comedy", once a politician but exiled in 1302
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| Petrarch | Florentine poet, wrote sonnets, the father of Renaissance humanism
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| Geoffrey Chaucer | English writer, author of "Canterbury Tales", critic of late medieval church corruption
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| Giotto | Italian painter who used a new kind of realism that inspired a new generation of artists
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