Tissues and skin
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| Tissue | a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure
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| Main function of epithelial tissue | covering
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| main function of connective tissue | support
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| main function of muscle tissue | movement
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| main function of nervous tissue | control
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| Epithelial tissue: | -covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
-forms most glands
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| Function of Epithelium: | -protection
-absorption
-secretion
-ion transport
-filtration
-forms slippery surfaces
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| simple | one layer of cells
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| stratified | more than one layer
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| Determine cell shape by looking at the __________ layer | apical or top
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| Squamous | flat and scale-like
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| cuboidal | cube-like
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| columnar | column-like
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| endothelium | slick lining of hollow organs
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| mesothelium | lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. covers visceral organs of those cavities
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| simple squamous | single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
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| function of simple squamous | -passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
-secretes lubricating substances (serous fluid) in bladder, heart, lungs
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| example of passive diffusion | gas exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen
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| ___________ ____________ is found in the alveoli | simple squamous
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| location of simple squamous | -renal corpuscles: linings of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels
-alveoli of lungs: lining of anterior body cavity
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| simple cuboidal | single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical, central nuclei
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| function of simple cuboidal | secretion and absorption
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| Location of simple cuboidal | -kidney tubules
-small glands
-ovaries
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| simple columnar | single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei. some have cilia on apical surface
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| columnar are the only cells that can contain ________ cells | goblet
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| Goblet cells | create mucus when combined with water
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| Function of simple columnar | -absorption
-secretion of mucus and enzymes
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| ciliated simple columnar | lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
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| non-ciliated simple columnar | lines digestive tract, gallbladder, and ducts of some glands
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| pseudostratified columnar | -cells originate at basement membrane
-only tall cells reach the top surface
-may contain goblet cells or cilia
-nuclei lie at varying heights
-gives false impression of several layers
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| function of pseudostratified columnar | secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus by cilia
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| location of non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar | -ducts of male reproductive organs
-ducts of large glands
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| location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar | lines trachea and upper respiratory tract
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| stratified squamous | thickest epithelial tissue. adapted for protection
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| keratinized stratified squamous location | surface cells are full of keratin and dead cells
ex: skin
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| non-keratinized stratified squamous location | forms moist lining of body openings
ex: esophagus, mouth, vagina
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| function of stratified squamous | protects underlying tissues in frictional areas
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| stratified cuboidal function | protection
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| stratified cuboidal location | largest ducts of sweat, mammary, and saliva glands
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| stratified columnar | male urethra and large ducts of some glands
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| transitional function | stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder
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| Transitional location | ureters, urinary bladder, part pf urethra
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| Microvilli | found in digestive system. helps increase surface area
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| Cilia contains nine pairs of _________ | microtubules
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| pairs of microtubules are _________ | axoneme
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| adhesion proteins | link plasma membrane of adjacent cells
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| desomosomes | 2 disc-like plaques connected across intercellular space. joined by proteins called cadherins.
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| tight junction | close off intercellular space. prevent molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue
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| gap junction | passageway between 2 adjacent cells. lets small molecules move directly between neighboring cells. cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein
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| Exocrine glands | carry products from glands to epithelial
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| types of exocrine glands | mucus-secreting
sweat and oil
salivary
liver and pancreas
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| _________ protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces | mucus
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| Multicellular exocrine glands | basic parts: epithelium-walled duct and secretory unit
Classified as simple or compound.
Categorized by secretory unit: tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar
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| Endocrine glands | ductless glands. secretes hormones or other substances directly into bloodstream
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| Connective tissue is the _______ | most diverse and abundant tissue
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| connective tissue main classes: | -connective tissue
-cartilage
-bone tissue
-blood
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| loose connective | cushions organs
provides support but permits independent movement
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| dense connective tissue | provides firm attachment. conducts pull of muscles. reduces friction between muscles. stabilizes relative positions of bone. helps prevent overexpansion of organs
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| areolar connective | underlies epithelial. surrounds small nerves and vessels. wraps and cushions organs. holds and conveys tissue fluid.
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| function of connective | support and binding to other tissues. holding body fluids. defending body against infection. storing nutrients as fat
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| types of protein fibers in areolar connective | collagen, reticular, elastic
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| Areolar connective is the ________________________________ | main battlefield in fight against infection and site of inflammation
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| fibroblasts make up _____________ | aerolar
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| adipose tissue | closely packed adipocytes. nuclus is pushed to the side
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| function of adipose tissue | provides reserve food fuel. insulates. supports and protects organs
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| location of adipose tissue | under skin, around kidneys, behind eyes, within abdomen and breasts
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| reticular connective tissue | network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance
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| function of reticular connective | form a soft internal skeleton
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| location of reticular connective | lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen
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| dense irregular connective tissue | irregularly arranged collagen fibers. some elastic fibers and fibroblasts
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| function of dense irregular connective | withstands tension and provides structural strength
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| location of dense irregular connective | dermis, submucosa of digestive tract. fribrous capsules of joints and organs
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| dense regular connective tissue | primarily parallel collagen fibers. fibrolblasts and some elastic fibers. poorly vascularized
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| function of dense regular connective tissue | attaches muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments) and withstands great stress
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| location of dense regular connective tissue | tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia, muscles
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| cartilage | firm, flexible tissue, matrix contains up to 80% water. chondrocyte
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| Types of cartilage: | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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| hyaline cartilage appears______________ | glassy
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| function of hyaline cartilage | supports and reinforces. resilient cushion. resisits repetitive stress
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| location of hyaline cartilage | fetal skeleton, end of long bones, connector of ribs to sternum, nose, trachea, larynx
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| elastic cartilage | more elastic than hyaline
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| function of elastic cartilage | maintains shape of structure. allows great flexibility
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| location of elastic cartilage | external ear, epiglottis
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| fibrocartilage | less firm matrix than hyaline. thick collagen fibers predominate
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| function of fibrocartilage | tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock
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| location of fibrocartilage | intervertebral discs, pubic symphasis, discs of knee joint
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| bone tissue | calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers. very well vascularized
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| osteoblasts | secrete collagen fibers and matrix
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells in lacunae
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| function of bone | supports and protects organs. provides levers and attachment for muscles. stores calcium and fat. marrow
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| marrow is the site for _____________________________ | blood cell formation
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| blood tissue | atypical connective tissue. consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix.
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| function of blood | transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
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| skeletal muscle | long cylindrical cells. multinucleic. obvious striations.
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| function of skeletal muscles | voluntary movement. manipulation of environment. facial expression
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| cardiac muscle tissue | branching cells, striated. uninucleic.
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| function of cardiac muscle | contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
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| smooth muscle tissue | spindle-shaped with central nuclei. forms sheets. no striations
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| function of smooth muscle | propel substances along internal passageways, involuntary control
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| location of smooth muscle | walls of hollow organs
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| nervous tissue | contains neurons and neuroglical cells
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| neurons are __________ cells | excitatory
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| function of neural tissue | transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
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| location of neural tissue | brain, spinal cord, nerves
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| histamine | increases permeability of capillaries
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| critical burns | 25% second degree
10% third degree
third degree burns to face, hands, feet
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| primary functions of skin | protection, temperature regulation, sense of touch, excretes waste, synthesizes vitamin D
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| skin is made of ______________ tissue | stratified squamous
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| layers of the epidermis | stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basal
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| dermis is made of ____________ tissue | dense irregular connective
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| hypodermis | contains adipose tissue and major skin blood vessels
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| red hair contains ___________ protein | trichosiderin
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| goosebumps | caused by the contraction of arrector pilli
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| sebaceous glands | produces sebum
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| eccrine glands | most common on forehead, neck, back
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| apocrine glands | found in axillary regions, groin, around nipples
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| when body heat rises: | blood is moved to the periphery and skin surface
deep blood vessels contract to restrict blood vessels
dermal vessels dilate allowing heat to escape
heart beats faster
sweat glands active
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| when body temperature drops: | dermal vessels contract
sweat glands inactive
skeletal muscles contract
shivering occurs
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| melanin | yellow, brown, or black pigments
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| carotene | orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
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| hemoglobin | red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries
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| cyanosis | skin appears bluish due to low oxygen concentration
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| jaundice | yellowish skin tone due to liver malfunction
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