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Tissues and skin
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tissue | a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure |
| Main function of epithelial tissue | covering |
| main function of connective tissue | support |
| main function of muscle tissue | movement |
| main function of nervous tissue | control |
| Epithelial tissue: | -covers body surfaces and lines body cavities -forms most glands |
| Function of Epithelium: | -protection -absorption -secretion -ion transport -filtration -forms slippery surfaces |
| simple | one layer of cells |
| stratified | more than one layer |
| Determine cell shape by looking at the __________ layer | apical or top |
| Squamous | flat and scale-like |
| cuboidal | cube-like |
| columnar | column-like |
| endothelium | slick lining of hollow organs |
| mesothelium | lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. covers visceral organs of those cavities |
| simple squamous | single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei |
| function of simple squamous | -passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration -secretes lubricating substances (serous fluid) in bladder, heart, lungs |
| example of passive diffusion | gas exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| ___________ ____________ is found in the alveoli | simple squamous |
| location of simple squamous | -renal corpuscles: linings of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels -alveoli of lungs: lining of anterior body cavity |
| simple cuboidal | single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical, central nuclei |
| function of simple cuboidal | secretion and absorption |
| Location of simple cuboidal | -kidney tubules -small glands -ovaries |
| simple columnar | single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei. some have cilia on apical surface |
| columnar are the only cells that can contain ________ cells | goblet |
| Goblet cells | create mucus when combined with water |
| Function of simple columnar | -absorption -secretion of mucus and enzymes |
| ciliated simple columnar | lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus |
| non-ciliated simple columnar | lines digestive tract, gallbladder, and ducts of some glands |
| pseudostratified columnar | -cells originate at basement membrane -only tall cells reach the top surface -may contain goblet cells or cilia -nuclei lie at varying heights -gives false impression of several layers |
| function of pseudostratified columnar | secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus by cilia |
| location of non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar | -ducts of male reproductive organs -ducts of large glands |
| location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar | lines trachea and upper respiratory tract |
| stratified squamous | thickest epithelial tissue. adapted for protection |
| keratinized stratified squamous location | surface cells are full of keratin and dead cells ex: skin |
| non-keratinized stratified squamous location | forms moist lining of body openings ex: esophagus, mouth, vagina |
| function of stratified squamous | protects underlying tissues in frictional areas |
| stratified cuboidal function | protection |
| stratified cuboidal location | largest ducts of sweat, mammary, and saliva glands |
| stratified columnar | male urethra and large ducts of some glands |
| transitional function | stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder |
| Transitional location | ureters, urinary bladder, part pf urethra |
| Microvilli | found in digestive system. helps increase surface area |
| Cilia contains nine pairs of _________ | microtubules |
| pairs of microtubules are _________ | axoneme |
| adhesion proteins | link plasma membrane of adjacent cells |
| desomosomes | 2 disc-like plaques connected across intercellular space. joined by proteins called cadherins. |
| tight junction | close off intercellular space. prevent molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue |
| gap junction | passageway between 2 adjacent cells. lets small molecules move directly between neighboring cells. cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein |
| Exocrine glands | carry products from glands to epithelial |
| types of exocrine glands | mucus-secreting sweat and oil salivary liver and pancreas |
| _________ protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces | mucus |
| Multicellular exocrine glands | basic parts: epithelium-walled duct and secretory unit Classified as simple or compound. Categorized by secretory unit: tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar |
| Endocrine glands | ductless glands. secretes hormones or other substances directly into bloodstream |
| Connective tissue is the _______ | most diverse and abundant tissue |
| connective tissue main classes: | -connective tissue -cartilage -bone tissue -blood |
| loose connective | cushions organs provides support but permits independent movement |
| dense connective tissue | provides firm attachment. conducts pull of muscles. reduces friction between muscles. stabilizes relative positions of bone. helps prevent overexpansion of organs |
| areolar connective | underlies epithelial. surrounds small nerves and vessels. wraps and cushions organs. holds and conveys tissue fluid. |
| function of connective | support and binding to other tissues. holding body fluids. defending body against infection. storing nutrients as fat |
| types of protein fibers in areolar connective | collagen, reticular, elastic |
| Areolar connective is the ________________________________ | main battlefield in fight against infection and site of inflammation |
| fibroblasts make up _____________ | aerolar |
| adipose tissue | closely packed adipocytes. nuclus is pushed to the side |
| function of adipose tissue | provides reserve food fuel. insulates. supports and protects organs |
| location of adipose tissue | under skin, around kidneys, behind eyes, within abdomen and breasts |
| reticular connective tissue | network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance |
| function of reticular connective | form a soft internal skeleton |
| location of reticular connective | lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen |
| dense irregular connective tissue | irregularly arranged collagen fibers. some elastic fibers and fibroblasts |
| function of dense irregular connective | withstands tension and provides structural strength |
| location of dense irregular connective | dermis, submucosa of digestive tract. fribrous capsules of joints and organs |
| dense regular connective tissue | primarily parallel collagen fibers. fibrolblasts and some elastic fibers. poorly vascularized |
| function of dense regular connective tissue | attaches muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments) and withstands great stress |
| location of dense regular connective tissue | tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia, muscles |
| cartilage | firm, flexible tissue, matrix contains up to 80% water. chondrocyte |
| Types of cartilage: | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| hyaline cartilage appears______________ | glassy |
| function of hyaline cartilage | supports and reinforces. resilient cushion. resisits repetitive stress |
| location of hyaline cartilage | fetal skeleton, end of long bones, connector of ribs to sternum, nose, trachea, larynx |
| elastic cartilage | more elastic than hyaline |
| function of elastic cartilage | maintains shape of structure. allows great flexibility |
| location of elastic cartilage | external ear, epiglottis |
| fibrocartilage | less firm matrix than hyaline. thick collagen fibers predominate |
| function of fibrocartilage | tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock |
| location of fibrocartilage | intervertebral discs, pubic symphasis, discs of knee joint |
| bone tissue | calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers. very well vascularized |
| osteoblasts | secrete collagen fibers and matrix |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells in lacunae |
| function of bone | supports and protects organs. provides levers and attachment for muscles. stores calcium and fat. marrow |
| marrow is the site for _____________________________ | blood cell formation |
| blood tissue | atypical connective tissue. consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix. |
| function of blood | transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes |
| skeletal muscle | long cylindrical cells. multinucleic. obvious striations. |
| function of skeletal muscles | voluntary movement. manipulation of environment. facial expression |
| cardiac muscle tissue | branching cells, striated. uninucleic. |
| function of cardiac muscle | contracts to propel blood into circulatory system |
| smooth muscle tissue | spindle-shaped with central nuclei. forms sheets. no striations |
| function of smooth muscle | propel substances along internal passageways, involuntary control |
| location of smooth muscle | walls of hollow organs |
| nervous tissue | contains neurons and neuroglical cells |
| neurons are __________ cells | excitatory |
| function of neural tissue | transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors |
| location of neural tissue | brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| histamine | increases permeability of capillaries |
| critical burns | 25% second degree 10% third degree third degree burns to face, hands, feet |
| primary functions of skin | protection, temperature regulation, sense of touch, excretes waste, synthesizes vitamin D |
| skin is made of ______________ tissue | stratified squamous |
| layers of the epidermis | stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basal |
| dermis is made of ____________ tissue | dense irregular connective |
| hypodermis | contains adipose tissue and major skin blood vessels |
| red hair contains ___________ protein | trichosiderin |
| goosebumps | caused by the contraction of arrector pilli |
| sebaceous glands | produces sebum |
| eccrine glands | most common on forehead, neck, back |
| apocrine glands | found in axillary regions, groin, around nipples |
| when body heat rises: | blood is moved to the periphery and skin surface deep blood vessels contract to restrict blood vessels dermal vessels dilate allowing heat to escape heart beats faster sweat glands active |
| when body temperature drops: | dermal vessels contract sweat glands inactive skeletal muscles contract shivering occurs |
| melanin | yellow, brown, or black pigments |
| carotene | orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables |
| hemoglobin | red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries |
| cyanosis | skin appears bluish due to low oxygen concentration |
| jaundice | yellowish skin tone due to liver malfunction |
Created by:
naomirsorenson
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