Anatomy exam II Mediastinum
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| The superior mediastinum borders ____ anteriorly | manubrium of sternum
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| The superior mediastinum borders ____ posteriorly | T1-T4 vertebral bodies
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| The superior mediastinum borders ____ laterally | mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura
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| The superior mediastinum borders ____ superiorly | superior thoracic aperture
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| The superior mediastinum borders ____ inferiorly | transverse plane between the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4-T5
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| The _____ is an asymmetric, bilobed structure located immediately posterior to the manubrium of the sternum | thymus
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| The thymus is involved in the early development of the _____ and is a large structure in _____ | immune system; children
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| Thymus begins to atrophy after _____, shows considerable size variation in adults, and is barely identifiable as an organ in elderly individuals | puberty
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| The right and left _____ are located immediately posterior to the _____ and form on each side at the junction between the internal jugular and subclavian veins | brachiocephalic veins; thymus
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| The brachiocephalic veins join at the lower edge of the right first costal cartilage to form the _____ | superior vena cava
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| The thoracic portion of the aorta can be divided into the _____, the _____, and the ____ | ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, and the thoracic (descending) aorta
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| Only the _____ of the thoracic aorta is located in the superior mediastinum | arch of the aorta
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| The arch of aorta has three large branches arising from its superior border: the ____, the _____ and the _____ | the left subclavian artery, the left common carotid artery, and the brachiocephalic trunk
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| The brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to the ____ and the ____ | right subclavian and right common carotid arteries
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| The _____ is a flexible tube formed by a series of C-shaped transverse cartilaginous rings. | trachea
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| The trachea forms the section of the respiratory tract _____ to the larynx | inferior
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| At the T4-T5 vertebral level, the trachea divides into the ____ and the _____ | right and left main bronchi
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| The _____ arise from spinal segments C3-5 and provide innervation to the diaphragm and its associated membranes | phrenic nerves
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| The phrenic nerves descend through the _____ and then along the pericardial sac, within the fibrous pericardium, _____ to the root of the lung | superior mediastinum; anterior
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| The phrenic nerves innervate the ____ pleura , ____ pericardium and the ____ layer of the serous pericardium | mediastinal pleura; the fibrous pericardium; and the parietal
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| The _____ (CN X) provide _____ innervation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera | vagus nerves; parasympathetic
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| The vagus nerve descends through both the ____ and ____ mediastinum on their way to the abdomen | superior and posterior
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| The right and left vagus nerves give rise to the _____ nerves, which innervate the muscles of the larynx | right and left recurrent laryngeal
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| The ____ nerve passes under the right subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx | right recurrent laryngeal
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| The _____ nerve passes under the arch of aorta artery before ascending to the larynx | left recurrent laryngeal
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| Due to the inferior position of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, it is highly susceptible to compression by a pathologic mass, which can lead to _____ | to vocal cord paralysis and hoarseness of the voice
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| _______, often due to the spread of lung cancer, is a common cause of compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve | lymph node enlargement
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| ____ typically performed on patients who present with a hoarse voice | Chest x-rays
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| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ anteriorly | body of sternum
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| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ posteriorly | pericardium
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| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ laterally | mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura
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| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ superiorly | transverse plane between the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4-T5
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| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ inferiorly | diaphragm
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| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ anteriorly | pericardium
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| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ posteriorly | T5-T12 vertebral bodies
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| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ laterally | mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura
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| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ superiorly | transverse plane between the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4-T5
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| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ inferiorly | diaphragm
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| The ____ is a muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus
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| The esophagus descends through both the _____ on its way to the abdomen | superior and posterior mediastinum
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| The esophagus receives part of its innervation from the ____ | vagus nerves
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| The left vagus nerve continues as the _____ | anterior vagal trunk
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| The right vagus nerve continues as the _____ | posterior vagal trunk
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| The _____ and the _____ are major components of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic trunks and thoracic splanchnic nerves
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| As the thoracic aorta descends through the posterior mediastinum, it gives off _____, _____ and the _____ arteries | posterior intercostal; bronchial; esophageal
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| The posterior intercostal arteries supply _____ | the lower nine intercostal spaces (3-11)
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| The bronchial arteries supply the _____ | bronchi and lungs
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| The esophageal arteries supply the _____ | esophagus
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| The azygos system of veins is formed by the _____ on the right and the _____ on the left | azygos vein; hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins
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| Both sides of the azygos system of the vein drain blood from the body wall to the ______ | superior vena cava
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| In the case of a obstruction of the _____, blood may be rerouted through the azygos vein in order to return to the heart. This typically results in substantial _____ of the azygos vein | inferior vena cava; dilation
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| The _____ is the channel through which lymph from most of the body is returned to the venous system | thoracic duct
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| The thoracic duct begins as a saccular dilation, _____ extends superiorly along with the azygos vein, and empties into the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins | the chyle cistern (cisterna chyli)
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| The right arm and the right side of the head and neck are drained by the _____ | right lymphatic duct
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