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Anatomy
Anatomy exam II Mediastinum
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The superior mediastinum borders ____ anteriorly | manubrium of sternum |
| The superior mediastinum borders ____ posteriorly | T1-T4 vertebral bodies |
| The superior mediastinum borders ____ laterally | mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura |
| The superior mediastinum borders ____ superiorly | superior thoracic aperture |
| The superior mediastinum borders ____ inferiorly | transverse plane between the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4-T5 |
| The _____ is an asymmetric, bilobed structure located immediately posterior to the manubrium of the sternum | thymus |
| The thymus is involved in the early development of the _____ and is a large structure in _____ | immune system; children |
| Thymus begins to atrophy after _____, shows considerable size variation in adults, and is barely identifiable as an organ in elderly individuals | puberty |
| The right and left _____ are located immediately posterior to the _____ and form on each side at the junction between the internal jugular and subclavian veins | brachiocephalic veins; thymus |
| The brachiocephalic veins join at the lower edge of the right first costal cartilage to form the _____ | superior vena cava |
| The thoracic portion of the aorta can be divided into the _____, the _____, and the ____ | ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, and the thoracic (descending) aorta |
| Only the _____ of the thoracic aorta is located in the superior mediastinum | arch of the aorta |
| The arch of aorta has three large branches arising from its superior border: the ____, the _____ and the _____ | the left subclavian artery, the left common carotid artery, and the brachiocephalic trunk |
| The brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to the ____ and the ____ | right subclavian and right common carotid arteries |
| The _____ is a flexible tube formed by a series of C-shaped transverse cartilaginous rings. | trachea |
| The trachea forms the section of the respiratory tract _____ to the larynx | inferior |
| At the T4-T5 vertebral level, the trachea divides into the ____ and the _____ | right and left main bronchi |
| The _____ arise from spinal segments C3-5 and provide innervation to the diaphragm and its associated membranes | phrenic nerves |
| The phrenic nerves descend through the _____ and then along the pericardial sac, within the fibrous pericardium, _____ to the root of the lung | superior mediastinum; anterior |
| The phrenic nerves innervate the ____ pleura , ____ pericardium and the ____ layer of the serous pericardium | mediastinal pleura; the fibrous pericardium; and the parietal |
| The _____ (CN X) provide _____ innervation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera | vagus nerves; parasympathetic |
| The vagus nerve descends through both the ____ and ____ mediastinum on their way to the abdomen | superior and posterior |
| The right and left vagus nerves give rise to the _____ nerves, which innervate the muscles of the larynx | right and left recurrent laryngeal |
| The ____ nerve passes under the right subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx | right recurrent laryngeal |
| The _____ nerve passes under the arch of aorta artery before ascending to the larynx | left recurrent laryngeal |
| Due to the inferior position of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, it is highly susceptible to compression by a pathologic mass, which can lead to _____ | to vocal cord paralysis and hoarseness of the voice |
| _______, often due to the spread of lung cancer, is a common cause of compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve | lymph node enlargement |
| ____ typically performed on patients who present with a hoarse voice | Chest x-rays |
| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ anteriorly | body of sternum |
| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ posteriorly | pericardium |
| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ laterally | mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura |
| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ superiorly | transverse plane between the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4-T5 |
| The anterior mediastibum borders _____ inferiorly | diaphragm |
| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ anteriorly | pericardium |
| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ posteriorly | T5-T12 vertebral bodies |
| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ laterally | mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura |
| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ superiorly | transverse plane between the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4-T5 |
| The posterior mediastinum borders _____ inferiorly | diaphragm |
| The ____ is a muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus |
| The esophagus descends through both the _____ on its way to the abdomen | superior and posterior mediastinum |
| The esophagus receives part of its innervation from the ____ | vagus nerves |
| The left vagus nerve continues as the _____ | anterior vagal trunk |
| The right vagus nerve continues as the _____ | posterior vagal trunk |
| The _____ and the _____ are major components of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic trunks and thoracic splanchnic nerves |
| As the thoracic aorta descends through the posterior mediastinum, it gives off _____, _____ and the _____ arteries | posterior intercostal; bronchial; esophageal |
| The posterior intercostal arteries supply _____ | the lower nine intercostal spaces (3-11) |
| The bronchial arteries supply the _____ | bronchi and lungs |
| The esophageal arteries supply the _____ | esophagus |
| The azygos system of veins is formed by the _____ on the right and the _____ on the left | azygos vein; hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins |
| Both sides of the azygos system of the vein drain blood from the body wall to the ______ | superior vena cava |
| In the case of a obstruction of the _____, blood may be rerouted through the azygos vein in order to return to the heart. This typically results in substantial _____ of the azygos vein | inferior vena cava; dilation |
| The _____ is the channel through which lymph from most of the body is returned to the venous system | thoracic duct |
| The thoracic duct begins as a saccular dilation, _____ extends superiorly along with the azygos vein, and empties into the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins | the chyle cistern (cisterna chyli) |
| The right arm and the right side of the head and neck are drained by the _____ | right lymphatic duct |
Created by:
luckynikki
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