Muscles of the Human Body
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| What is Epimysium | Connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
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| What is Perimysium | Connective tissue that surrounds the fascicle
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| What is Endomysium | Connective Tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
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| The combing form of _____________________ means Strength | sthen/o
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| Define Origin | Attachment of the muscle to the bone and it does not move
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| Define Insertion | Attachment of the muscle to the bone which causes motion
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| Skeletal Muscle attaches to what | Bones
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| Smooth Muscles attach to what | Walls of the hollow visceral organs and blood vessels
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| Cardiac muscles attach to what | Wall of the heart
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| What is a myofibrils | A bundle of muscle cells
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| What are the four phases of a muscle twitch in order | Latent Phase, Contraction phase, relaxation phase and refractory phase
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| What does intrinsic muscle mean? | A muscle that has an origin and insertion located in the same body region.
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| What does entrinsic Muscle mean | A muscle that has an origin and insertion located in two body regions
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| Define Sarcolemma | Cell Membrane of he muscle cell
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| Define Sarcoplasmic reticulum | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell
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| Define Sarcomeres | Repeated functional units that comprise a myofibril. Each myofibril is composed of thick and thing myofilaments arranged in ___________________
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| Fixator | a muscle that holds an origin stable for another muscle
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| Synergists | muscles that have the same action
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| Prime Mover | The main muscle of the synergists that preforms the action
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| Antagonist | A muscle that has an opposing action
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| Flexion | Action that bends a part of the body anteriorly, such as flexing the elbow. Exception is the knee
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| Extension | The action that bends a part of the body posteriorly, such as straightening the arm at the arm at the elbow. ** Knee **
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| Abduction | Movement of a part of the body away from the midline *Like jumping jacks Stage 1)
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| Adduction | Movement of a part of the body towards the midline. (Like jumping jacks stage 2)
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| Protraction | Movement that brings part of the body forward ** Jaw**
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| Retraction | Movement that brings part of the body backwards. **JAW**
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| Dorsiflexion | Position of standing on the heels with the toes pointing up off of the floor
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| Plantar Flexion | Position of standing on tiptoes with the heels of of the floor
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| Inversion | Position in which the soles of the feet are together facing each other
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| Eversion | Position in which the soles of the feet point away from each other
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| Rotation | The act of spinning on an axis
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| Circumduction | The act of making a circle with part of the body
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| Supination | Rotation that turns the palms up
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| Pronation | Rotation that turns the palms down
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| Neuromuscular Junction | Stimulation of a muscle cell by a nerve happens at this junction
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| Acetylcholine | An electrical stimulation along the nerve cell results in the release of this neurotransmitter.
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| What fits into receptors on the muscle cell to stimulate it to contract | Acetylcholine
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| A minimal amount of stimulus called a ______ is needed for the muscle to respond. | Treshold
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| As long as the threshold is reached, the muscle cell will contract in an ____________________ manner. | All or nothing
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| The ______________________ theory of muscle contraction involves thick myofilaments grabbing thin myofilaments and pulling them towards the center of hte sarcomere | Sliding filament theory
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| A contraction of a muscle cell in response to a single nerve stiimulus | Twitch
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| A sustained contraction due to repetitive nerve signals | Tetany
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| The ____________________________ of the nerve impulses is what determines if this is a twitch and tetany contraction. | Frequency
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| A ______________ is a single nerve cell and all of the muscle cells it stimulates | Motor Unit
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| What is Recruitment | Getting more motor units involved
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| The more and more motor units can be ________ to achieve a larger motion | recruited
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| In a ________ contraction, tension in the muscle remains constant as the muscle shortens. | Isotonic
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| In a _________________ contraction, tension in the muscle increases but there is no shortening of the muscle | Isometric
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| __________________ fibers are specialized for aerobic respiration, so they do not fatigue quickly. | Slow Twitch
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| ____________________ fibers are specialized for anaerobic respiration and therefore fatigue quickly | Fast-twitch
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| _______________ is composed of long, striated cells with multiple nuclei pushed off to the side. The cells are under voluntary control | Skeletal muscle tissues
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| _________________ is composed of branched, striated cells with a single nucleus and junctions between cells called ____________________. | Cardiac Muscle: Intercalated disks
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| ___________is composed of spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus. Cells are not under voluntary controll | Smooth Muscles
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| What are the effects of aging on the muscular system | Lean muscle mass decreases. The amount of loss is genetically determined. Fast twitch fibers are more affected than slow twitch fibers. Decreased muscle mass.
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| What is an EMG | Electromyography - accesses the health of muscles by testing how a muscle responds to electric stimuli
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| What is a Hernia | The protrusion of viscera through the muscle of the abdominal wall
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| What is a cramp | Is a painful muscle spasm that may have many causes
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| What is Muscular Dystrophy | A term used for a group of hereditary disorders that result in the progressive degeneration of muscle tissues.
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| What is a Sprain | ligament tears
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| What is a muscle Strain | Tear in a muscle from overuse or overstretching
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| What is Fibromyalgia | Involves myalgia, fatigue and pain in soft tissues , tendons, and ligaments
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| What is Tindinitis | a tendon inflammation resulting from injury, overuse or aging
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| What is atrophy? | The decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in muscle tissue
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| What is Shin Splints | Refer to pain along the anterior, lower leg commonly occurring after physical activity.
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