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Muscles
Muscles of the Human Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Epimysium | Connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle |
| What is Perimysium | Connective tissue that surrounds the fascicle |
| What is Endomysium | Connective Tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers |
| The combing form of _____________________ means Strength | sthen/o |
| Define Origin | Attachment of the muscle to the bone and it does not move |
| Define Insertion | Attachment of the muscle to the bone which causes motion |
| Skeletal Muscle attaches to what | Bones |
| Smooth Muscles attach to what | Walls of the hollow visceral organs and blood vessels |
| Cardiac muscles attach to what | Wall of the heart |
| What is a myofibrils | A bundle of muscle cells |
| What are the four phases of a muscle twitch in order | Latent Phase, Contraction phase, relaxation phase and refractory phase |
| What does intrinsic muscle mean? | A muscle that has an origin and insertion located in the same body region. |
| What does entrinsic Muscle mean | A muscle that has an origin and insertion located in two body regions |
| Define Sarcolemma | Cell Membrane of he muscle cell |
| Define Sarcoplasmic reticulum | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell |
| Define Sarcomeres | Repeated functional units that comprise a myofibril. Each myofibril is composed of thick and thing myofilaments arranged in ___________________ |
| Fixator | a muscle that holds an origin stable for another muscle |
| Synergists | muscles that have the same action |
| Prime Mover | The main muscle of the synergists that preforms the action |
| Antagonist | A muscle that has an opposing action |
| Flexion | Action that bends a part of the body anteriorly, such as flexing the elbow. Exception is the knee |
| Extension | The action that bends a part of the body posteriorly, such as straightening the arm at the arm at the elbow. ** Knee ** |
| Abduction | Movement of a part of the body away from the midline *Like jumping jacks Stage 1) |
| Adduction | Movement of a part of the body towards the midline. (Like jumping jacks stage 2) |
| Protraction | Movement that brings part of the body forward ** Jaw** |
| Retraction | Movement that brings part of the body backwards. **JAW** |
| Dorsiflexion | Position of standing on the heels with the toes pointing up off of the floor |
| Plantar Flexion | Position of standing on tiptoes with the heels of of the floor |
| Inversion | Position in which the soles of the feet are together facing each other |
| Eversion | Position in which the soles of the feet point away from each other |
| Rotation | The act of spinning on an axis |
| Circumduction | The act of making a circle with part of the body |
| Supination | Rotation that turns the palms up |
| Pronation | Rotation that turns the palms down |
| Neuromuscular Junction | Stimulation of a muscle cell by a nerve happens at this junction |
| Acetylcholine | An electrical stimulation along the nerve cell results in the release of this neurotransmitter. |
| What fits into receptors on the muscle cell to stimulate it to contract | Acetylcholine |
| A minimal amount of stimulus called a ______ is needed for the muscle to respond. | Treshold |
| As long as the threshold is reached, the muscle cell will contract in an ____________________ manner. | All or nothing |
| The ______________________ theory of muscle contraction involves thick myofilaments grabbing thin myofilaments and pulling them towards the center of hte sarcomere | Sliding filament theory |
| A contraction of a muscle cell in response to a single nerve stiimulus | Twitch |
| A sustained contraction due to repetitive nerve signals | Tetany |
| The ____________________________ of the nerve impulses is what determines if this is a twitch and tetany contraction. | Frequency |
| A ______________ is a single nerve cell and all of the muscle cells it stimulates | Motor Unit |
| What is Recruitment | Getting more motor units involved |
| The more and more motor units can be ________ to achieve a larger motion | recruited |
| In a ________ contraction, tension in the muscle remains constant as the muscle shortens. | Isotonic |
| In a _________________ contraction, tension in the muscle increases but there is no shortening of the muscle | Isometric |
| __________________ fibers are specialized for aerobic respiration, so they do not fatigue quickly. | Slow Twitch |
| ____________________ fibers are specialized for anaerobic respiration and therefore fatigue quickly | Fast-twitch |
| _______________ is composed of long, striated cells with multiple nuclei pushed off to the side. The cells are under voluntary control | Skeletal muscle tissues |
| _________________ is composed of branched, striated cells with a single nucleus and junctions between cells called ____________________. | Cardiac Muscle: Intercalated disks |
| ___________is composed of spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus. Cells are not under voluntary controll | Smooth Muscles |
| What are the effects of aging on the muscular system | Lean muscle mass decreases. The amount of loss is genetically determined. Fast twitch fibers are more affected than slow twitch fibers. Decreased muscle mass. |
| What is an EMG | Electromyography - accesses the health of muscles by testing how a muscle responds to electric stimuli |
| What is a Hernia | The protrusion of viscera through the muscle of the abdominal wall |
| What is a cramp | Is a painful muscle spasm that may have many causes |
| What is Muscular Dystrophy | A term used for a group of hereditary disorders that result in the progressive degeneration of muscle tissues. |
| What is a Sprain | ligament tears |
| What is a muscle Strain | Tear in a muscle from overuse or overstretching |
| What is Fibromyalgia | Involves myalgia, fatigue and pain in soft tissues , tendons, and ligaments |
| What is Tindinitis | a tendon inflammation resulting from injury, overuse or aging |
| What is atrophy? | The decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in muscle tissue |
| What is Shin Splints | Refer to pain along the anterior, lower leg commonly occurring after physical activity. |
Created by:
kphillips3
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