Anatomy exam II Thorax
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| The _____ is the superior part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen | thorax
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| The thorax consists of the ________ and the surrounding ___________. | thoracic cavity; thoracic wall
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| The thoracic cavity contins the ______ and the _____, which are separated by a medican mass of tissue, the _________ | lungs; pleurae; mediastinum
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| The thoracic wall contains the __________ muscles, blood vessels, and nerves | thoracic skeleton
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| The thoracic cavity consists of: right and left _______, each surroundsing a ____ | pleural cavities; lung
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| The thoracic cavity consits of: a central mass of tissue, the _____, that separates the R and L plural cavity and the lung | mediastinum
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| The thoracic skeleton constists of: _____, _____, ______ | the sternum; 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilage; 12 thoracic vertebrae
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| The sternum has 3 parts: _____, _____, ______. | manubrium; body of sternum; and xiphoid process
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| The manubrium has a ________ that articulates with the clavicle and the 1st costal cartilages | superior jugular notch
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| What is the articulation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum? What does it form? | manubriosternal joint; sternal angle
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| What is the sternal angle also known as? | Angle of Louis
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| What does the sternal angle indicate? (4) | 1. the level of the intervertebral disc between T4/T5 2. marks the superior level of the pericardium 3. shows the level of the beginning and end of the aortic arch 4. where the trachea bifurcates into the R and L main bronchi
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| What does the xipoid process indicate? (3) | 1. level of the superior border of the liver 2. inferior border of the heart 3. central tendon of the diaphragm
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| Where is the xiphisternal joint? | T9
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| The ribs terminate ________ in the costal cartilage | anteriorly
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| Each rib consists of a _____, _____, _____, _____. | head, neck, tubercle and shaft
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| The head of a typical rib is wedge-shaped and has two facets separated by _______ | crest of the head
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| The shaft has a costal groove on the _______ | inferior margin of its internal surface
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| The _____ and _____ lie in the costal groove and are protected by ______ | intercostal vein and artery; bone
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| The __________ of the costal groove is not typically protected by bone and isn't really part of the groove | intercostal nerve
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| ______ have costal cartilage that articulate directly with the sternum (ribs _____) | true ribs (1-7)
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| ______ have costal cartilage that do not articulate wit hthe sternum (ribs ____) | false ribe (8-12)
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| The costal cartilages of ribs _______ articulate with the costal cartilages of the ribs above | 8-10
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| Floating ribs (_____) have no _____ connection with other ribs or the ______ | 11-12; anterior; sternum
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| Which rib is the broadest and the shortest? It articulates with ____ and a ______. | rib 1; T1 and scalene tubercle
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| Which rib has 2 articular facets on its head? | rib 2
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| The _______ is located on rib 2's superior surface | tubercle for the serratus anterior
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| Ribs ___ and rib ____ have one facet on their heads and articulate with a single vertebrae | 10-12; 1
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| Which ribs have no neck or tubercle? | ribs 11 and 12
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| _____ ribs are presenti n appoximately 1% of the population | cervical ribs
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| If a person has cervial ribs, what problems can be caused from this? | comression of the brachial plexis, subclavian vein or artery
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| The bodies of ribs articulate with their costal cartilages at _______ known as ______ joints. | fibrocartilginous joints; costochondral joints
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| The costal cartilages of the 7 true ribs articulate with the sternum at _______ | sternocostal joints
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| The joint of rib 1 is known as the ________ | synchondrosis of the 1st rib
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| The joint of ribs 2-7 are known as _______ | synovial joints
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| The costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 articulate with the cartilage above at synovial joints known as _______ | interchondral joints.
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| _______ is an inflammation of the costochondral or sternocostal joints that causes localized pain and tenderness | costochondritis
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| _____ is a common cause of chest pain in children and adolescents. | costochondritis
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| A typical thoracic vertebra has two _______ on each side of the vertebral body for articulation with heads of ribs and _________ on the transverse processes for articulation with tubercles of ribs | demifacets; transverse costal facets
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| The head of a typical rib articulates with the _______ of the _____-numbered vertebra and the _________ of the vertebra above it to form a joint of head of rib | superior demifacet; same; inferior demifacet
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| The tubercle of the rib articulates with the______ of the ____-numbered vertebra to form a ______ joint | transverse process; same; costotransverse
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| ______ has a complete superior costal fact instead of a demifacet | T1
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| _____ have a single complete costal facet for articulation with the same-numbered rib | T10-12
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| _____ lack transverse costal facets on their transverse processes | T11-12
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| Ribs and their costal cartilages are separated by _____ | intercostal spaces
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| How are the intercostal spaces numbered? | according to the superior rib bordering the space
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| What lyes in the intercostal space? (4) | 1. intercostal muscles 2. nerves 3. arteries 4. veins
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| The _____ run inferoanteriorly from the rib above to the rib below | external intercostal muscles
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| Where are the external intercostal muscles replaced by the external intercostal membrane? | from the costochondral junction to the sternum
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| The _____ run inferoposteriorly from the rib above to the rib below | internal intercostal muscles
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| Where are the internal intercostal muscles replaced by the internal intercostal membrane? | posterior and medial to the angles of the ribs
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| The _____ are similar to the internal intercostals and are essentially their deeper parts. | innermost intercostal muscles
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| Anteriorly, the innermost intercostal layer is represented by the _____ which passes from the _____ aspect of the lower sternum upward to costal cartilages (_____) | transversus thoracis; posterior; 2 or 3-6
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| Laterally, the innermost intercostal layer occurs as the _____ | innermost intercostal proper
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| Posteriorly, the innermost intercostal layer is represented by ______ which span _____ intercostal spaces in the ____ thoracic wall | subcostal muscles; 2-3; lower
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| The _____ rami of nerves T1-T11 form the _________ that run through the intercostal space | anterior (ventral); intercostal nerves
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| The _____ rami of nerve T12 is know as ______ | anterior; subcostal nerve
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| The intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles and give off ____ and ______ cutaneous branches | lateral and anterior
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| Small ______ of the intercostal nerves can be found in the intercostal space along the ______ border of the lower rib | collateral branches; superior
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| What are the main arteries of the thoracic wall? | thoracic aorta; subclavian artery; axillary artery
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| The thoracic aorta runs through the _____ and _____ | posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
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| The subclavian artery runs through the _____ and _____ | anterior internal thoracic and supreme intercostal arteries
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| The axillary artery runs through the ____ and _____ | superior and lateral thoracic arteries
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| The posterior intercostal arteries of intercostal spaces 1 and 2 arise from the _____ | supreme (superior) intercostal artery
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| The posterior intercostal arteries of intercostal spaces 3-11 arise _____ | posteriorly from the thoracic aorta
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| The posterior intercostal arteries give rise to branches that accompany the ______ and the _____ | posterior rami and the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves
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| The anterior intercostal arteries of the intercostal spaces 1-6 arise from the _____ | internal thoracic arteries
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| The anterior intercostal arteries of spaces 7-9 arise from the _____ | musculophrenic arteries
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| Intercostal spaces 10-11 do not have ____ | anterior intercostal arteries
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| The anterior and posterior intercostal arteries have _____ and ____ branches that anastomose with each other | terminal and collateral
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| The _____ arteries arise in the root of the neck from the inferior surfaces of the ____ arteries | internal thoracic; subclavian
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| The internal thoracic arteries descend on the _____ surface of the thorax ______ to to the sternum and ______ to the clavicle and upper 6 costal cartilages | internal; lateral; posterior
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| Where do the internal thoracic arteries terminate? | in the 6th intercostal space
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| The internal thoracic arteries separate into the ______ and ______ arteries | superior epigastric and musculophrenic
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| Where do the intercostal veins lie in the coastal grooves? | most superior to the arteries and nerves
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| Most postior intercostal veins drain into the _______ | azygos system of veins
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| The anterior intercostal veins drain into the _______ | internal thoracic veins
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| The internal thoracic veins accompany the _____ | internal thoracic arteries
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| The ______ provides communication between the thorax and the neck | superior thoracic aperture
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| The ______ is the border between the thorax and abdomen | inferior thoracic aperture
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| Inferior thoracic aperture is also know as _____ | the anatomical thoracic outlet
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| What is thoracic outlet syndrome? | obstructions of the structures that exit the superior thoracic aperture
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| What 2 important structures are located in the superior thoracic aperture? | apex of the lung; cervical pleura (cuploa)
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| The mammary gland consists of _____ lobules of grandular tissue | 15-20
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| How is each lobule in the breast drained? | by a lactiferous duct which opens independently on the nipple
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| What is the dialated portion of the lactiferous duct? | lactiferous sinus
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| What helps support hte mammary gland lobules? | suspensory ligaments
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| Approximately ____% of the lymphatic drainage of the breast flows through the axillary tail | 75%
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| The arterial supply of the breast is derived from: (4) | 1. mammary branches of the internal thoracic artery 2. lareral thoracic artery 3. thoracoacromial artery 4. posterior intercosal arteries
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