Anatomy & Physiology Unit I Vocabulary
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| Anatomy | study of structure
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| Physiology | study of biochemical and physical function
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| Tissue | group of similar cells with general purpose
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| Organ | distinct structure of multiple tissues with specific function within a system
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| Organ system | collection of organs with common functions
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| Organism | one individual made up all systems
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| Metabolism | Sum of chemical reactions to manage energy and materials
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| Homeostasis | steady state equilibrium of internal conditions necessary for healthy function
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| Receptor | senses conditions in and around body (stimuli)
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| Control Center | processes information from receptors and sends directions for response out to effectors
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| Effector | uses directions from control center to respond to conditions (stimuli)
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| Negative Feedback | self-correcting loop that brings conditions back to equilibrium (within normal range)
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| Positive Feedback | amplifying loop that causes an increased response
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| Chemical bond | attractions between atoms or molecules
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| Chemical reaction | converts reactants to products by breaking and/or building chemical bonds
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| ion | charged atom due to gaining or losing electrons
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| Ionic bond | joined when electrons transferred from one atom to another to form ions
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| Covalent bond | atoms joined by sharing pair of electrons
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| Hydrogen bond | attraction between hydrogen and polar molecule
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| Polar compound | compound with partial positive and negative sides
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| Synthesis reaction | build new molecules; stores energy in chemical bonds
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| Decomposition reaction | break down molecules, releases energy
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| Organic compound | compound with C-H bonds
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| acid | releases H+ ions and lowers pH
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| Anterior | front, ventral
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| Posterior | back, dorsal
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| Medial | towards midline
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| Lateral | away from midline
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| Proximal | towards origin
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| Distal | further away from origin
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| Superficial | towards body surface
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| Deep | away from body surface
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| Superior | above
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| Inferior | below
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| Sagittal | plane divides body into right and left and creates longitudinal sections
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| Frontal | plane divides body into anterior and posterior; also called coronal
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| Transverse | plane divides superior and inferior and creates cross-sections
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| Axial | head, neck trunk
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| Appendicular | limbs
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| Thoracic cavity | chest space
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| Pleural cavities | 2 spaces for lungs
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| Pericardial cavity | heart space; also inferior mediastinum
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| Superior mediastinum | space for esophagus, trachea superior and posterior to heart
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| Abdominopelvic cavity | space for digestive and urogenital organs; superior = abdominal; inferior = pelvic
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| Serosa | double membranes covering lining body cavities and organs (parietal= layer along cavity wall; visceral =- layer over organs)
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| Serous fluid | lubrication between visceral and parietal serosa
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| Gross Anatomy | Examines larges, visible structure (macroscopic)
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| Microscopic Anatomy | Examines Cells and molecules (microscopic)
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| Cytology | Study of Cells
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| Histology | Study of tissues
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| List of all levels of biological organization (smallest to largest) and ther relations to the previous level | Chemical level, grps of atoms are working together(molecues). In the cellular level there are atoms, molecules, and organelles working together.
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| List of all levels of biological organization (smallest to largest) and ther relations to the previous level | The tissue level consists of similar cells working together. Finally the organ level is a group of tissues working together.
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| Atoms | Smallest chemical until
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| Organ system | Group of organs working together
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| Organism | Human
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| Digestive System | Pancreas, Intestines, Liver, Stomach. Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
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| Respiratory | Trachea, Lungs. Gas exchange
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| Cardiovascualr System | Heart, blood vessels. Pumps blood through body
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| Urinary | Kidney. Regulates fluid level
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| Reproductive | Gonads. Produces gametes
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| Nervous | Brain, spinal cord. Controls body
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| Skeletal | Bones. Supports body
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| Muscular | Moves body
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| Integumentary System | Skin, nails, hair. Protects body from drying out and pathogens
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| Lymphatic | Lymph nodes. Fights infection
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| Endocrine | Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas. Produces hormones to control body function
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| Organization | Keeping structures separate from each other
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| Metabolism | Obtaining and using energy
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| Responsiveness | Adjusting to changes in the environment
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| Movement | Blood, bones, muscles, cells
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| Development | All changes throughout life
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| Growth | Body size increases
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| Reproduction | Formation of another organism
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| Section | 2D surface of a 3D structure that has been cut
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| Plane | Imaginary 2D surface that passes through the body
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| Serious Membrane | Double- layer of protective membranes.. lines body cavities and cover organs
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| Parietal layer | Lines cavity
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| Visceral layer | Covers organs
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| Set point or normal range | Systems respond to external and internal changes to maintain function
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