Dr. Cutler SU-Endocrine 1
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| pancreas | produces enzymes that are ducted into the small intestine (exocrine gland)
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| these are on the cells of the pancreas that produce a pancreatic hormone | islets is Langerhans (endocrine)
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| the pancreas maintains homeostasis of this | blood glucose (endocrine)
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| long term hyperglycemia is responsible for most of the complications in | diabetes mellitus (type II)
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| pancreas has TWO types of cells in each islet | alpha and beta
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| alpha cells | glucagon-when sugar is needed in the blood
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| beta cells | insulin-when sugar is too high in the blood
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| delta cells | secrete somatostatin-growth hormone
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| alpha cells are on the | outside
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| beta cells are on the | inside-cell core
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| normal blood sugar | 90mg/100ml
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| another word for a hormone can be | ligands
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| intercellular communication: direct | 2 cells function as one unit
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| intercellular communication: paracrine | cells in the same tissue talking: most common
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| endocrine | messages from far away: target cells
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| synaptic communication | nerve to: nerve, muscle, or gland
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| how do hormones work | alter the target cell: effects can be slow to appear but can last for days,
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| up regulation | super sensitized
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| down regulation | desensitized
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| amino acid derivatives (aad, looks like mad with mike) | tyrosine and tryptophan (mike tyson tripped a fan)
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| peptide hormones | hypothalamus, heart, digestive system (a peppy cheerleader is now hypo, but eats the wrong thing and dies causing her hearts to stop)
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| lipid derivatives | eicosanoids and steroids (the little geico, took steroids which made him fat and gain weight
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| what does a enzyme to | helps and then leaves
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| amino acids are building blocks | protiens
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| tyrosine makes | thyroid hormon made in the thyroid gland, dopamine, and CATecholamines noraepi, and epic,
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| where does mike tyson (tyrosine) keep his cats (catecholamines) | in the adrenal medulla
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| tryptophan makes | melaney and sara (melatonin by the spinal gland and serotonin by the brain and guts)
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| peptide hormones (mostly are secreted by the pituitary gland) (most often the answer is a peptide hormone) | all hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, heart, digestive tract, pancreas, and thymus gland
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| anti-diuretic hormone | ADH
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| oxytocin | type of peptide hormone
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| growth hormone | GH
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| prolactin | PL
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone | ACTH
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| thyroid stimulating hormone | TSH
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| luteinizing hormone | LH
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| follicle stimulating hormone | FSH
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| Lipid; Eicosaniods( will deny you insurance if) | you have inflammation, allergies, or fevers that cause pain.
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| prostaglandins | sounds like prostate, grows with inflamed pain, aspirin is used but will thin platelets.
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| leukotrienes | this word sounds like white, and three, this medicine is used to tamp down asthma.
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| lipid derivatives steroids (cholesterol) parts: | 1. cortex of adrenal glands (salt, sugar, sex-min, glu, gon). 2. kidneys (calcitriol) 3. reproductive organs (gonads) estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
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| steroid hormones (SH) | lipid soluble, made of cholesterol, protein carriers that enter nucleus, and tell DNA to make a protein (uses direct gene activation), slower, does NOT amplify
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| 6 steroid hormones | ADRENAL GLAND(cortex): aldosterone, cortisol, androgens TESTES: testosterone OVARIERS: estrogen and progesterone
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| DGA: direct gene activation of steroid hormones forms what | a hormone receptor complex (HRC) ending product is a protein
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| non steroid hormones (NSH) | water soluble, protein receptors in the plasma membrane, uses the 2nd messenger system, fast acting, DOES causes amplification.
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| 1st messenger system of NSH | NSH binds to receptor to form HRC called first messenger, then G protiens cause ADENYLATE CYCLASE to become active,
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| 2nd messenger system | cAMP which converts inactive protein kinase to active.
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| protein kinase | adds phosphate from an ATP creating a PHOSPHORYLATED protein
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| what causes the 2nd messenger to stop the reaction | phosphodiesterase: eats up the excess cAMP
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| thyroid gland makes | C cells- Calcitonin (lowers plasma)
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| thyroid gland secretions influence | metabolic rate, protien synthesis and Ca++ balance
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| Largest endocrine gland is the | thyroid gland
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| thyroid gland is make up of | follicles
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| thyroid lobes are connected by | isthmus
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| follicles formed by epithelial cells produce | thyroglobulin
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| T3 + T4 are made from | iodine and tyrosine second messenger hormones
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| T3 + T4 do this in almost every cell | influence metabolic rate
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| calcitonin make | parafollicular C cells
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| this vitamin works with PTH to elevate blood calcium concentrate in the thyroid | vitamin D
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| parathyroid glands make | parathyroid hormone
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| CT | lowers blood calcium using osteoblast
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| PTH | raises blood calcium using osteoclast
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| hypothalamus produces | releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
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| IH + RH tell what gland what to do | anterior pituitary gland
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| oxytocin and ADH are made and stored where | posterior pituitary gland
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| the hypothalamus oversees the automatic nervous system and stimulates what |
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| hypothalamus talks to both what | lobes of the pituitary
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| hypothalamus is a master gland that makes most of the | releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
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| infundibulum | stalk connecting hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
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| pituitary gland is located | in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone in the skull
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| anterior lobe | adenohypophysis, granular tissue…etc
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| posterior lobe | neurohypophysis, neurological tissues, stored hormones made in the hypothalamus.
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| releasing hormones (5) | GHRH, somatostatin, TRH, CRH, GRH, VIP
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| nurohormonal control | concentrated, small batches of neurohormones can be manufactured by hypothalamus
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone | MSH
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| hormone producing cells are | HPC
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| how many major hormones are made in the anterior pituitary | 7
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