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A&P 2 CH 18
Dr. Cutler SU-Endocrine 1
| pancreas | produces enzymes that are ducted into the small intestine (exocrine gland) |
| these are on the cells of the pancreas that produce a pancreatic hormone | islets is Langerhans (endocrine) |
| the pancreas maintains homeostasis of this | blood glucose (endocrine) |
| long term hyperglycemia is responsible for most of the complications in | diabetes mellitus (type II) |
| pancreas has TWO types of cells in each islet | alpha and beta |
| alpha cells | glucagon-when sugar is needed in the blood |
| beta cells | insulin-when sugar is too high in the blood |
| delta cells | secrete somatostatin-growth hormone |
| alpha cells are on the | outside |
| beta cells are on the | inside-cell core |
| normal blood sugar | 90mg/100ml |
| another word for a hormone can be | ligands |
| intercellular communication: direct | 2 cells function as one unit |
| intercellular communication: paracrine | cells in the same tissue talking: most common |
| endocrine | messages from far away: target cells |
| synaptic communication | nerve to: nerve, muscle, or gland |
| how do hormones work | alter the target cell: effects can be slow to appear but can last for days, |
| up regulation | super sensitized |
| down regulation | desensitized |
| amino acid derivatives (aad, looks like mad with mike) | tyrosine and tryptophan (mike tyson tripped a fan) |
| peptide hormones | hypothalamus, heart, digestive system (a peppy cheerleader is now hypo, but eats the wrong thing and dies causing her hearts to stop) |
| lipid derivatives | eicosanoids and steroids (the little geico, took steroids which made him fat and gain weight |
| what does a enzyme to | helps and then leaves |
| amino acids are building blocks | protiens |
| tyrosine makes | thyroid hormon made in the thyroid gland, dopamine, and CATecholamines noraepi, and epic, |
| where does mike tyson (tyrosine) keep his cats (catecholamines) | in the adrenal medulla |
| tryptophan makes | melaney and sara (melatonin by the spinal gland and serotonin by the brain and guts) |
| peptide hormones (mostly are secreted by the pituitary gland) (most often the answer is a peptide hormone) | all hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, heart, digestive tract, pancreas, and thymus gland |
| anti-diuretic hormone | ADH |
| oxytocin | type of peptide hormone |
| growth hormone | GH |
| prolactin | PL |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | ACTH |
| thyroid stimulating hormone | TSH |
| luteinizing hormone | LH |
| follicle stimulating hormone | FSH |
| Lipid; Eicosaniods( will deny you insurance if) | you have inflammation, allergies, or fevers that cause pain. |
| prostaglandins | sounds like prostate, grows with inflamed pain, aspirin is used but will thin platelets. |
| leukotrienes | this word sounds like white, and three, this medicine is used to tamp down asthma. |
| lipid derivatives steroids (cholesterol) parts: | 1. cortex of adrenal glands (salt, sugar, sex-min, glu, gon). 2. kidneys (calcitriol) 3. reproductive organs (gonads) estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. |
| steroid hormones (SH) | lipid soluble, made of cholesterol, protein carriers that enter nucleus, and tell DNA to make a protein (uses direct gene activation), slower, does NOT amplify |
| 6 steroid hormones | ADRENAL GLAND(cortex): aldosterone, cortisol, androgens TESTES: testosterone OVARIERS: estrogen and progesterone |
| DGA: direct gene activation of steroid hormones forms what | a hormone receptor complex (HRC) ending product is a protein |
| non steroid hormones (NSH) | water soluble, protein receptors in the plasma membrane, uses the 2nd messenger system, fast acting, DOES causes amplification. |
| 1st messenger system of NSH | NSH binds to receptor to form HRC called first messenger, then G protiens cause ADENYLATE CYCLASE to become active, |
| 2nd messenger system | cAMP which converts inactive protein kinase to active. |
| protein kinase | adds phosphate from an ATP creating a PHOSPHORYLATED protein |
| what causes the 2nd messenger to stop the reaction | phosphodiesterase: eats up the excess cAMP |
| thyroid gland makes | C cells- Calcitonin (lowers plasma) |
| thyroid gland secretions influence | metabolic rate, protien synthesis and Ca++ balance |
| Largest endocrine gland is the | thyroid gland |
| thyroid gland is make up of | follicles |
| thyroid lobes are connected by | isthmus |
| follicles formed by epithelial cells produce | thyroglobulin |
| T3 + T4 are made from | iodine and tyrosine second messenger hormones |
| T3 + T4 do this in almost every cell | influence metabolic rate |
| calcitonin make | parafollicular C cells |
| this vitamin works with PTH to elevate blood calcium concentrate in the thyroid | vitamin D |
| parathyroid glands make | parathyroid hormone |
| CT | lowers blood calcium using osteoblast |
| PTH | raises blood calcium using osteoclast |
| hypothalamus produces | releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones |
| IH + RH tell what gland what to do | anterior pituitary gland |
| oxytocin and ADH are made and stored where | posterior pituitary gland |
| the hypothalamus oversees the automatic nervous system and stimulates what | |
| hypothalamus talks to both what | lobes of the pituitary |
| hypothalamus is a master gland that makes most of the | releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones |
| infundibulum | stalk connecting hypothalamus to the pituitary gland |
| pituitary gland is located | in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone in the skull |
| anterior lobe | adenohypophysis, granular tissue…etc |
| posterior lobe | neurohypophysis, neurological tissues, stored hormones made in the hypothalamus. |
| releasing hormones (5) | GHRH, somatostatin, TRH, CRH, GRH, VIP |
| nurohormonal control | concentrated, small batches of neurohormones can be manufactured by hypothalamus |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone | MSH |
| hormone producing cells are | HPC |
| how many major hormones are made in the anterior pituitary | 7 |
Created by:
cambridgedavis
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