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Questions

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show answer:d Transcellular fluid is fluid that is located within areas separated from others by epithelial or other membranes, such as synovial or the aqueous humor of the eye.  
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Which of these is not a transcellular fluid? a)interstitial fluid B)vitreous humor C)peritoneal fluid D)mucus   show
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Which of these is relatively high in extracellular fluids? A)potassium B)calcium C)phosphate D)sodium   show
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show A) Since the hydrostatic pressure component of blood pressure is always slightly higher than the plasma osmotic pressure, some water is constantly lost from the capillaries.  
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How is the excess tissue fluid mainly returned to the blood? a)hydrostatic forces B)through the capillaries C)lymphatic vessels D)tissue osmosis   show
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show b) About 10% of daily water is an end product of cellular respiration as metabolic water; about 60% is obtained from drinking.  
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What is the greatest regulator of water intake? A)renal function B)gastrointestinal system C)adequate diet D)hypothalamus   show
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show b) As fluid is lost, the concentration of particles increases, raising the osmotic pressure.  
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The greatest amount of body water is lost through _____.   show
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show Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability and absorption of water at the distal convoluted tubules of the nephrons.  
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show Although produced by the hypothalamus, ADH is stored and secreted into the blood from the posterior lobe of the pituitary.  
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Which of the following would have a diuretic effect? A)eating salty pretzels B)drinking alcohol C)sleeping D)most drugs   show
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ADH has a direct effect on _____. A)blood pressure B)water reabsorption C)blood concentration D)all of these   show
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show Although the fluid lost from the gastrointestinal system is extracellular, fluid will also be lost from the blood because this loss must be replaced.  
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show Although the loss may be caused by extracellular changes, the alteration in CNS activity such as confusion and coma, result from direct changes in the intracellular compartment  
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The effects of water intoxication are usually related to _____. A)blood pressure B)hypoproteinemia C)low sodium D)high potassium   show
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Which of the following favor the development of edema? A)hypoproteinemia B)decreased venous pressure C)decreased capillary permeability D)lymphatic flow   show
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Which of these is not a usual cause of hypoproteinemia? A)glomerulonephritis B)poor diet C)diuresis D)liver disease   show
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show b) Since ascites is excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity, it is usually caused by diseases that affect venous return to the heart such as liver cirrhosis or heart failure.  
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show Cell damage initiates the inflammatory reaction which includes the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine which then evoke the increase in tissue fluids.  
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Which of the following is not true in Addison's disease? A)sodium decreases B)potassium decreases C)adrenal cortex failure D)low aldosterone   show
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Where are most electrolytes normally lost?   show
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show Na+ is actively pumped out of cells by the cell membranes.  
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show Aldosterone is the hormone from the adrenal gland which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium on demand.  
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show Aldosterone will cause an increase in the reabsorption of sodium, which drives the membrane pump to eliminate potassium at an even higher rate in the kidneys.  
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Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes?   show
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show c)PTH causes the kidneys to retain Ca2+; the net effect is to raise blood calcium levels.  
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Which ion is directly related to calcium homeostasis? A)Mg2+ B)sodium C)phosphate D)chloride   show
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Hyperparathyroidism usually causes an increase in _____. A)potassium B)calcium C)phosphate D)sodium   show
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Which of the following does not become involved with maintaining blood calcium balance? A)skeletal muscle B)bone C)kidneys D)intestine   show
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Which of the following is not related to hypocalcemia? A)vitamin D deficiency B)muscle weakness C)tetany D)cardiac arrhythmia   show
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show A) The H+ ion or acidity is the most important ion that has the capability of interacting with the other ions; pH balance is essential for proper enzyme functioning.  
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Which of the following will not produce H+ ions? A) respiration of glucose B) oxidation of fatty acids C) synthesis of phosphoproteins D) oxidation of sulfur amino acids   show
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show d) Glucose will not produce an acidic solution, but lactic acid, some ketones, and phosphoric acid will produce H+.  
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What is a likely cause of hypernatremia? A) high salt in the diet B) kidney failure C) diabetes insipidus D) vomiting   show
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Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one? A) vomiting B) Addison's disease C) Cushing's disease D) renal failure   show
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Which of the following acts as a base in body fluids? A) H+ B) HCl C) H2CO3 D) HCO3   show
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show c) Buffers must have two chemicals.  
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show d) Buffers contain components that stabilize pH under conditions of added bases or acids within ranges, but do not prevent changes.  
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In the bicarbonate buffer system, _____ reacts with bases. A) carbon dioxide B) carbonic acid C) bicarbonate ion D) water   show
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show a) If one were to trace the OH- base in NaOH, it would end up as HOH or water and therefore, now as water, cannot effect pH alteration.  
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When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product. A)NaCl B) water C) carbonic acid D) bicarbonate ion   show
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What happens to HCl in the phosphate buffer reaction? A) ionizes B) forms water C) forms H2PO4 D) forms a weak acid and salt   show
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What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers? A) carboxyl group B) amino group C) CO2 D) NH3+   show
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What reacts with the excess bases in protein buffers? A) NH2 B) carbon dioxide C) NH3+ D) carboxyl group   show
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What buffers the addition of hydrogen in blood cells following the uptake of carbon dioxide? A)albumin B) bicarbonate C) hemoglobin D) phosphate   show
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show a) Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme found in the erythrocyte membrane which increases the reaction more than 100,000 times.  
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Which of the following is an effect of acidosis? A) increased diuresis B) decreased diuresis C) mental confusion D) seizures   show
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show b) Breathing directly alters blood levels of carbon dioxide which then leads to changes in pH.  
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show c) HPO4 acts as a base.  
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show Ammonium cations (NH4+) were formed from a combination of ammonia and H+.  
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Which condition is a generalized accumulation of body edematous tissues? A) azotemia B) anuria C) acetonemia D) anasarca   show
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show The buffer systems maintain the pH range of the blood within narrow limits of 7.35-7.45.  
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What is the pH range compatible with life?   show
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show Excess elimination of carbon dioxide causes an increase in pH from the loss of H+.  
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show respiratory acidosis  
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