Questions
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Which of these is a transcellular fluid? A)plasma B)lymph C)interstitial D)synovial | show 🗑
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| Which of these is not a transcellular fluid? a)interstitial fluid B)vitreous humor C)peritoneal fluid D)mucus | show 🗑
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| show | D) Because of selective membrane permeability, the concentrations of ions such as K+ are higher inside cells than Na+.
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| What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment? A)osmosis B)hydrostatic pressure C)dialysis D)filtration | show 🗑
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| How is the excess tissue fluid mainly returned to the blood? a)hydrostatic forces B)through the capillaries C)lymphatic vessels D)tissue osmosis | show 🗑
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| About _____% of the total daily intake of water is derived from internal cell metabolism. A)33 B)10 C)80 D)60 | show 🗑
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| show | d) Thirst is the greatest regulator of water intake and is controlled in all animals by neurological centers in the hypothalamus and limbic system.
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| As total body water decreases, the _____ of the extracellular fluid increases. A)amount of sodium B)osmotic pressure C)hydrostatic pressure D)protein level | show 🗑
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| show | Assuming that a person is well and not engaging in strenuous activity, the kidneys are the usual method of excreting excess water.
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| The main factor that causes the kidney to conserve water is _____. A)ADH B)osmosis C)renin production D)plasma filtration pressure | show 🗑
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| show | Although produced by the hypothalamus, ADH is stored and secreted into the blood from the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
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| show | Alcohol (ethanol) has a profound effect as an anti-ADH agent that greatly increases urine output (diuresis); only some drugs have a diuretic effect.
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| show | d) All body mechanisms are inter-related and affect multiple parameters; it is impossible to alter water levels without having some effect on pressure or concentration.
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| show | Although the fluid lost from the gastrointestinal system is extracellular, fluid will also be lost from the blood because this loss must be replaced.
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| The symptoms of dehydration result from loss of _____ water. | show 🗑
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| The effects of water intoxication are usually related to _____. A)blood pressure B)hypoproteinemia C)low sodium D)high potassium | show 🗑
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| show | A) A drop in blood protein can result in a reduction of the osmotic pressure necessary to move fluids into the capillaries.
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| Which of these is not a usual cause of hypoproteinemia? A)glomerulonephritis B)poor diet C)diuresis D)liver disease | show 🗑
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| show | b) Since ascites is excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity, it is usually caused by diseases that affect venous return to the heart such as liver cirrhosis or heart failure.
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| show | Cell damage initiates the inflammatory reaction which includes the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine which then evoke the increase in tissue fluids.
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| show | b) Sodium levels are characteristically lower.
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| show | Although sweating during strenuous activity can cause a drastic loss of electrolytes, the normal control mechanism is the kidneys.
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| show | Na+ is actively pumped out of cells by the cell membranes.
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| Which factor accounts for the ability of the body to conserve high levels of sodium? | show 🗑
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| Which ion is usually exchanged for sodium absorption? | show 🗑
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| Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes? | show 🗑
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| Which of these is not an effect of parathyroid hormone? A)osteoclast stimulation B)increase in blood Ca2+ C)increase in renal elimination D)increase in intestinal absorption | show 🗑
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| show | c) There are mechanism involving hormones that usually maintain calcium and phosphate at inverse levels.
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| show | Hyperparathyroidism causes an increase in PTH which causes calcium to be conserved.
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| show | A) Although muscle tissue uses Ca2+ in its reactions, as other tissues, it lacks the ability to regulate blood levels.
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| show | Muscle weakness is usually associated with the cellular imbalance of calcium associated with hypercalcemia.
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| What is the most important ion, which affects all of the functions of the others? This is the correct answer. A)H+´B)Na+ C)K+ d)phosphate | show 🗑
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| show | c) Catabolic reactions that involve oxidation usually result in acidic end products; the synthesis of proteins or other substances may not produce H+.
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| show | d) Glucose will not produce an acidic solution, but lactic acid, some ketones, and phosphoric acid will produce H+.
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| What is a likely cause of hypernatremia? A) high salt in the diet B) kidney failure C) diabetes insipidus D) vomiting | show 🗑
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| Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one? A) vomiting B) Addison's disease C) Cushing's disease D) renal failure | show 🗑
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| show | d) Bicarbonate anions (HCO3-) can bind to H+ in physiologic fluids, making it act as a base.
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| show | c) Buffers must have two chemicals.
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| show | d) Buffers contain components that stabilize pH under conditions of added bases or acids within ranges, but do not prevent changes.
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| In the bicarbonate buffer system, _____ reacts with bases. A) carbon dioxide B) carbonic acid C) bicarbonate ion D) water | show 🗑
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| When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed from the base. A) water B) carbon dioxide C) bicarbonate ion D) carbonic acid | show 🗑
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| When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product. A)NaCl B) water C) carbonic acid D) bicarbonate ion | show 🗑
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| show | d) The HCl reacts to form NaCl and NaH2PO4.
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| What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers? A) carboxyl group B) amino group C) CO2 D) NH3+ | show 🗑
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| What reacts with the excess bases in protein buffers? A) NH2 B) carbon dioxide C) NH3+ D) carboxyl group | show 🗑
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| show | c) Bicarbonate is not a significant RBC buffer.
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| show | a) Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme found in the erythrocyte membrane which increases the reaction more than 100,000 times.
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| show | c) Alkalosis tends to make neurons more excitable tending towards seizures while acidosis causes CNS depression leading to coma.
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| Which blood parameter is directly affected by breathing? A) blood pH B) carbon dioxide C) bicarbonate levels D) buffer chemicals | show 🗑
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| show | c) HPO4 acts as a base.
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| In an attempt to remove acid from the blood, the kidneys will secrete _____ into the urine compartment. A) ammonia B) NH4+ C) chloride D) monohydrogen phosphate | show 🗑
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| show | d) Anasarca is a descriptive term for generalized edema; anuria is the cessation of urine production and azotemia is an excess of blood nitrogenous wastes.
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| What is the normal pH of the blood? | show 🗑
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| show | Persons cannot survive long with pH values under 6.8 or over 8.0.
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| Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes _____. | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory acidosis
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