Questions
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| Which of these is a transcellular fluid? A)plasma B)lymph C)interstitial D)synovial | show 🗑
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| show | A) Any fluid outside of cells is considered extracellular, such as interstitial fluid between cells, but some of these such as serous fluid are transcellular.
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| Which of these is relatively high in extracellular fluids? A)potassium B)calcium C)phosphate D)sodium | show 🗑
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| What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment? A)osmosis B)hydrostatic pressure C)dialysis D)filtration | show 🗑
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| How is the excess tissue fluid mainly returned to the blood? a)hydrostatic forces B)through the capillaries C)lymphatic vessels D)tissue osmosis | show 🗑
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| About _____% of the total daily intake of water is derived from internal cell metabolism. A)33 B)10 C)80 D)60 | show 🗑
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| show | d) Thirst is the greatest regulator of water intake and is controlled in all animals by neurological centers in the hypothalamus and limbic system.
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| show | b) As fluid is lost, the concentration of particles increases, raising the osmotic pressure.
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| show | Assuming that a person is well and not engaging in strenuous activity, the kidneys are the usual method of excreting excess water.
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| The main factor that causes the kidney to conserve water is _____. A)ADH B)osmosis C)renin production D)plasma filtration pressure | show 🗑
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| ADH is secreted from the _____. | show 🗑
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| Which of the following would have a diuretic effect? A)eating salty pretzels B)drinking alcohol C)sleeping D)most drugs | show 🗑
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| show | d) All body mechanisms are inter-related and affect multiple parameters; it is impossible to alter water levels without having some effect on pressure or concentration.
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| show | Although the fluid lost from the gastrointestinal system is extracellular, fluid will also be lost from the blood because this loss must be replaced.
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| show | Although the loss may be caused by extracellular changes, the alteration in CNS activity such as confusion and coma, result from direct changes in the intracellular compartment
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| The effects of water intoxication are usually related to _____. A)blood pressure B)hypoproteinemia C)low sodium D)high potassium | show 🗑
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| Which of the following favor the development of edema? A)hypoproteinemia B)decreased venous pressure C)decreased capillary permeability D)lymphatic flow | show 🗑
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| show | c) Urine output does not normally affect blood protein because the kidneys are only permeable to protein in diseases such as glomerulo-nephritis; the liver synthesizes protein.
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| What can be a direct cause of ascites? A)hypertension B)hepatic disease C)glomerulonephritis D)renal failure | show 🗑
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| What causes the edema seen in inflammations? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is not true in Addison's disease? A)sodium decreases B)potassium decreases C)adrenal cortex failure D)low aldosterone | show 🗑
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| show | Although sweating during strenuous activity can cause a drastic loss of electrolytes, the normal control mechanism is the kidneys.
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| show | Na+ is actively pumped out of cells by the cell membranes.
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| show | Aldosterone is the hormone from the adrenal gland which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium on demand.
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| show | Aldosterone will cause an increase in the reabsorption of sodium, which drives the membrane pump to eliminate potassium at an even higher rate in the kidneys.
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| Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes? | show 🗑
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| show | c)PTH causes the kidneys to retain Ca2+; the net effect is to raise blood calcium levels.
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| show | c) There are mechanism involving hormones that usually maintain calcium and phosphate at inverse levels.
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| Hyperparathyroidism usually causes an increase in _____. A)potassium B)calcium C)phosphate D)sodium | show 🗑
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| show | A) Although muscle tissue uses Ca2+ in its reactions, as other tissues, it lacks the ability to regulate blood levels.
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| show | Muscle weakness is usually associated with the cellular imbalance of calcium associated with hypercalcemia.
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| What is the most important ion, which affects all of the functions of the others? This is the correct answer. A)H+´B)Na+ C)K+ d)phosphate | show 🗑
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| show | c) Catabolic reactions that involve oxidation usually result in acidic end products; the synthesis of proteins or other substances may not produce H+.
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| show | d) Glucose will not produce an acidic solution, but lactic acid, some ketones, and phosphoric acid will produce H+.
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| show | c) Actually the amount of salt in the diet alone will not increase blood sodium levels.
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| Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one? A) vomiting B) Addison's disease C) Cushing's disease D) renal failure | show 🗑
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| Which of the following acts as a base in body fluids? A) H+ B) HCl C) H2CO3 D) HCO3 | show 🗑
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| Which of the following could act as a buffer? A) bicarbonate ion B) H2PO4 C) albumin D) carbonic acid | show 🗑
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| show | d) Buffers contain components that stabilize pH under conditions of added bases or acids within ranges, but do not prevent changes.
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| show | c) It is the acidic component, carbonic acid, that reacts with added bases to minimize pH changes from the base.
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| When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed from the base. A) water B) carbon dioxide C) bicarbonate ion D) carbonic acid | show 🗑
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| show | c) In this buffer reaction, the strong acid has been converted to carbonic acid which effectively lowers the potential to release H+, because it is weak (has a strong H+ bond).
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| What happens to HCl in the phosphate buffer reaction? A) ionizes B) forms water C) forms H2PO4 D) forms a weak acid and salt | show 🗑
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| What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers? A) carboxyl group B) amino group C) CO2 D) NH3+ | show 🗑
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| show | c) Both the carboxyl and amino groups could function as acids or bases; NH3+ reacts with OH- to form NH2 and water.
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| show | c) Bicarbonate is not a significant RBC buffer.
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| Which factor greatly increases the reaction between carbon dioxide and water? This is the correct answer. A) carbonic anhydrase B) concentration of carbon dioxide C) concentration of bicarbonate D) pH of hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is an effect of acidosis? A) increased diuresis B) decreased diuresis C) mental confusion D) seizures | show 🗑
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| Which blood parameter is directly affected by breathing? A) blood pH B) carbon dioxide C) bicarbonate levels D) buffer chemicals | show 🗑
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| During periods of acidosis, the kidney will secrete _____ into the urine. A)carbon dioxide B) K+ C) H2PO4 D) HPO4 | show 🗑
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| In an attempt to remove acid from the blood, the kidneys will secrete _____ into the urine compartment. A) ammonia B) NH4+ C) chloride D) monohydrogen phosphate | show 🗑
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| show | d) Anasarca is a descriptive term for generalized edema; anuria is the cessation of urine production and azotemia is an excess of blood nitrogenous wastes.
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| What is the normal pH of the blood? | show 🗑
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| What is the pH range compatible with life? | show 🗑
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| Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes _____. | show 🗑
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| Lung cancer usually causes the tendency towards _____. | show 🗑
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