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Questions

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Which of these is a transcellular fluid? A)plasma B)lymph C)interstitial D)synovial   show
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Which of these is not a transcellular fluid? a)interstitial fluid B)vitreous humor C)peritoneal fluid D)mucus   show
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show D) Because of selective membrane permeability, the concentrations of ions such as K+ are higher inside cells than Na+.  
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What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment? A)osmosis B)hydrostatic pressure C)dialysis D)filtration   show
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How is the excess tissue fluid mainly returned to the blood? a)hydrostatic forces B)through the capillaries C)lymphatic vessels D)tissue osmosis   show
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About _____% of the total daily intake of water is derived from internal cell metabolism. A)33 B)10 C)80 D)60   show
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show d) Thirst is the greatest regulator of water intake and is controlled in all animals by neurological centers in the hypothalamus and limbic system.  
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As total body water decreases, the _____ of the extracellular fluid increases. A)amount of sodium B)osmotic pressure C)hydrostatic pressure D)protein level   show
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show Assuming that a person is well and not engaging in strenuous activity, the kidneys are the usual method of excreting excess water.  
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The main factor that causes the kidney to conserve water is _____. A)ADH B)osmosis C)renin production D)plasma filtration pressure   show
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show Although produced by the hypothalamus, ADH is stored and secreted into the blood from the posterior lobe of the pituitary.  
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show Alcohol (ethanol) has a profound effect as an anti-ADH agent that greatly increases urine output (diuresis); only some drugs have a diuretic effect.  
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show d) All body mechanisms are inter-related and affect multiple parameters; it is impossible to alter water levels without having some effect on pressure or concentration.  
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show Although the fluid lost from the gastrointestinal system is extracellular, fluid will also be lost from the blood because this loss must be replaced.  
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The symptoms of dehydration result from loss of _____ water.   show
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The effects of water intoxication are usually related to _____. A)blood pressure B)hypoproteinemia C)low sodium D)high potassium   show
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show A) A drop in blood protein can result in a reduction of the osmotic pressure necessary to move fluids into the capillaries.  
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Which of these is not a usual cause of hypoproteinemia? A)glomerulonephritis B)poor diet C)diuresis D)liver disease   show
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show b) Since ascites is excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity, it is usually caused by diseases that affect venous return to the heart such as liver cirrhosis or heart failure.  
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show Cell damage initiates the inflammatory reaction which includes the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine which then evoke the increase in tissue fluids.  
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show b) Sodium levels are characteristically lower.  
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show Although sweating during strenuous activity can cause a drastic loss of electrolytes, the normal control mechanism is the kidneys.  
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show Na+ is actively pumped out of cells by the cell membranes.  
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Which factor accounts for the ability of the body to conserve high levels of sodium?   show
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Which ion is usually exchanged for sodium absorption?   show
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Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes?   show
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Which of these is not an effect of parathyroid hormone? A)osteoclast stimulation B)increase in blood Ca2+ C)increase in renal elimination D)increase in intestinal absorption   show
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show c) There are mechanism involving hormones that usually maintain calcium and phosphate at inverse levels.  
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show Hyperparathyroidism causes an increase in PTH which causes calcium to be conserved.  
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show A) Although muscle tissue uses Ca2+ in its reactions, as other tissues, it lacks the ability to regulate blood levels.  
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show Muscle weakness is usually associated with the cellular imbalance of calcium associated with hypercalcemia.  
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What is the most important ion, which affects all of the functions of the others? This is the correct answer. A)H+´B)Na+ C)K+ d)phosphate   show
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show c) Catabolic reactions that involve oxidation usually result in acidic end products; the synthesis of proteins or other substances may not produce H+.  
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show d) Glucose will not produce an acidic solution, but lactic acid, some ketones, and phosphoric acid will produce H+.  
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What is a likely cause of hypernatremia? A) high salt in the diet B) kidney failure C) diabetes insipidus D) vomiting   show
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Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one? A) vomiting B) Addison's disease C) Cushing's disease D) renal failure   show
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show d) Bicarbonate anions (HCO3-) can bind to H+ in physiologic fluids, making it act as a base.  
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show c) Buffers must have two chemicals.  
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show d) Buffers contain components that stabilize pH under conditions of added bases or acids within ranges, but do not prevent changes.  
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In the bicarbonate buffer system, _____ reacts with bases. A) carbon dioxide B) carbonic acid C) bicarbonate ion D) water   show
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When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed from the base. A) water B) carbon dioxide C) bicarbonate ion D) carbonic acid   show
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When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product. A)NaCl B) water C) carbonic acid D) bicarbonate ion   show
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show d) The HCl reacts to form NaCl and NaH2PO4.  
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What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers? A) carboxyl group B) amino group C) CO2 D) NH3+   show
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What reacts with the excess bases in protein buffers? A) NH2 B) carbon dioxide C) NH3+ D) carboxyl group   show
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show c) Bicarbonate is not a significant RBC buffer.  
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show a) Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme found in the erythrocyte membrane which increases the reaction more than 100,000 times.  
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show c) Alkalosis tends to make neurons more excitable tending towards seizures while acidosis causes CNS depression leading to coma.  
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Which blood parameter is directly affected by breathing? A) blood pH B) carbon dioxide C) bicarbonate levels D) buffer chemicals   show
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show c) HPO4 acts as a base.  
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In an attempt to remove acid from the blood, the kidneys will secrete _____ into the urine compartment. A) ammonia B) NH4+ C) chloride D) monohydrogen phosphate   show
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show d) Anasarca is a descriptive term for generalized edema; anuria is the cessation of urine production and azotemia is an excess of blood nitrogenous wastes.  
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What is the normal pH of the blood?   show
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show Persons cannot survive long with pH values under 6.8 or over 8.0.  
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Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes _____.   show
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show respiratory acidosis  
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