Questions
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show | answer:d Transcellular fluid is fluid that is located within areas separated from others by epithelial or other membranes, such as synovial or the aqueous humor of the eye.
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Which of these is not a transcellular fluid? a)interstitial fluid B)vitreous humor C)peritoneal fluid D)mucus | show 🗑
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Which of these is relatively high in extracellular fluids? A)potassium B)calcium C)phosphate D)sodium | show 🗑
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show | A) Since the hydrostatic pressure component of blood pressure is always slightly higher than the plasma osmotic pressure, some water is constantly lost from the capillaries.
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How is the excess tissue fluid mainly returned to the blood? a)hydrostatic forces B)through the capillaries C)lymphatic vessels D)tissue osmosis | show 🗑
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show | b) About 10% of daily water is an end product of cellular respiration as metabolic water; about 60% is obtained from drinking.
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What is the greatest regulator of water intake? A)renal function B)gastrointestinal system C)adequate diet D)hypothalamus | show 🗑
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show | b) As fluid is lost, the concentration of particles increases, raising the osmotic pressure.
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The greatest amount of body water is lost through _____. | show 🗑
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show | Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability and absorption of water at the distal convoluted tubules of the nephrons.
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show | Although produced by the hypothalamus, ADH is stored and secreted into the blood from the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
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Which of the following would have a diuretic effect? A)eating salty pretzels B)drinking alcohol C)sleeping D)most drugs | show 🗑
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ADH has a direct effect on _____. A)blood pressure B)water reabsorption C)blood concentration D)all of these | show 🗑
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show | Although the fluid lost from the gastrointestinal system is extracellular, fluid will also be lost from the blood because this loss must be replaced.
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show | Although the loss may be caused by extracellular changes, the alteration in CNS activity such as confusion and coma, result from direct changes in the intracellular compartment
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The effects of water intoxication are usually related to _____. A)blood pressure B)hypoproteinemia C)low sodium D)high potassium | show 🗑
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Which of the following favor the development of edema? A)hypoproteinemia B)decreased venous pressure C)decreased capillary permeability D)lymphatic flow | show 🗑
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Which of these is not a usual cause of hypoproteinemia? A)glomerulonephritis B)poor diet C)diuresis D)liver disease | show 🗑
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show | b) Since ascites is excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity, it is usually caused by diseases that affect venous return to the heart such as liver cirrhosis or heart failure.
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show | Cell damage initiates the inflammatory reaction which includes the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine which then evoke the increase in tissue fluids.
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Which of the following is not true in Addison's disease? A)sodium decreases B)potassium decreases C)adrenal cortex failure D)low aldosterone | show 🗑
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Where are most electrolytes normally lost? | show 🗑
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show | Na+ is actively pumped out of cells by the cell membranes.
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show | Aldosterone is the hormone from the adrenal gland which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium on demand.
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show | Aldosterone will cause an increase in the reabsorption of sodium, which drives the membrane pump to eliminate potassium at an even higher rate in the kidneys.
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Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes? | show 🗑
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show | c)PTH causes the kidneys to retain Ca2+; the net effect is to raise blood calcium levels.
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Which ion is directly related to calcium homeostasis? A)Mg2+ B)sodium C)phosphate D)chloride | show 🗑
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Hyperparathyroidism usually causes an increase in _____. A)potassium B)calcium C)phosphate D)sodium | show 🗑
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Which of the following does not become involved with maintaining blood calcium balance? A)skeletal muscle B)bone C)kidneys D)intestine | show 🗑
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Which of the following is not related to hypocalcemia? A)vitamin D deficiency B)muscle weakness C)tetany D)cardiac arrhythmia | show 🗑
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show | A) The H+ ion or acidity is the most important ion that has the capability of interacting with the other ions; pH balance is essential for proper enzyme functioning.
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Which of the following will not produce H+ ions? A) respiration of glucose B) oxidation of fatty acids C) synthesis of phosphoproteins D) oxidation of sulfur amino acids | show 🗑
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show | d) Glucose will not produce an acidic solution, but lactic acid, some ketones, and phosphoric acid will produce H+.
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What is a likely cause of hypernatremia? A) high salt in the diet B) kidney failure C) diabetes insipidus D) vomiting | show 🗑
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Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one? A) vomiting B) Addison's disease C) Cushing's disease D) renal failure | show 🗑
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Which of the following acts as a base in body fluids? A) H+ B) HCl C) H2CO3 D) HCO3 | show 🗑
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show | c) Buffers must have two chemicals.
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show | d) Buffers contain components that stabilize pH under conditions of added bases or acids within ranges, but do not prevent changes.
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In the bicarbonate buffer system, _____ reacts with bases. A) carbon dioxide B) carbonic acid C) bicarbonate ion D) water | show 🗑
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show | a) If one were to trace the OH- base in NaOH, it would end up as HOH or water and therefore, now as water, cannot effect pH alteration.
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When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product. A)NaCl B) water C) carbonic acid D) bicarbonate ion | show 🗑
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What happens to HCl in the phosphate buffer reaction? A) ionizes B) forms water C) forms H2PO4 D) forms a weak acid and salt | show 🗑
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What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers? A) carboxyl group B) amino group C) CO2 D) NH3+ | show 🗑
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What reacts with the excess bases in protein buffers? A) NH2 B) carbon dioxide C) NH3+ D) carboxyl group | show 🗑
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What buffers the addition of hydrogen in blood cells following the uptake of carbon dioxide? A)albumin B) bicarbonate C) hemoglobin D) phosphate | show 🗑
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show | a) Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme found in the erythrocyte membrane which increases the reaction more than 100,000 times.
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Which of the following is an effect of acidosis? A) increased diuresis B) decreased diuresis C) mental confusion D) seizures | show 🗑
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show | b) Breathing directly alters blood levels of carbon dioxide which then leads to changes in pH.
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show | c) HPO4 acts as a base.
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show | Ammonium cations (NH4+) were formed from a combination of ammonia and H+.
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Which condition is a generalized accumulation of body edematous tissues? A) azotemia B) anuria C) acetonemia D) anasarca | show 🗑
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show | The buffer systems maintain the pH range of the blood within narrow limits of 7.35-7.45.
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What is the pH range compatible with life? | show 🗑
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show | Excess elimination of carbon dioxide causes an increase in pH from the loss of H+.
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show | respiratory acidosis
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