Respiratory System
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| Phases of Respiration: | Pulmonary Ventilation, External Respiration, Respiratory Gas Transport or Respiratory Exchange, Internal Respiration
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| Pulmonary Ventilation is also known as: | Breathing
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| Air Sacs | Alveoli
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| Exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sac (alveoli) of the lungs | Pulmonary Ventilation
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| Where gases exchange at the cellular level, Oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and Carbon Dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sacs to be eliminated. Ex: Asthma, COPD, emphysema | External Change of Gases or External Respiration
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| Gases are carried via the blood to and from the lungs and tissues | Respiratory Gas Transport
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| Occurs at the tissue level when the blood carrying oxygen drops of an oxygen load to the oxygen starving tissues and picks up a load of carbon dioxide for elimination. Ex: Necrotic tissue problems, circulation | Internal exchange of gases or Internal Respiration
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| A passageway of the Respiratory system, is divided by the nasal septum into 2 spaces | Nasal Cavities
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| Function of Nasal Cavities | To filter, warm, and moisten air through hair and mucus.
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| Fingerholes covered in cilia and mucus that cleans the air as it brings it in. | External Nares
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| Increases the surface area to maximize sensory input, like little shelves that increase space. Has air turbulence. Smells will acclimate within this area | Nasal Conchae
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| Three types of Nasal Conchae: | Superior, Middle and Inferior Nasal Conchae
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| Is separated from the oral cavity by the palate. Also known as the Eustachian tube. Allows communication from the nasal cavity to the air. | Internal Nares
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| Palate is made up of: | 4 Bones, 2 Maxillae and 2 palatine, Anterior part is 2/3 Hard. Posterior part is 1/3 Soft
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| Where the palatine and maxillae bones meet | Cribiform Plate
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| Name all passageways of the Respiratory system: | Nasal Cavities, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles and Lungs
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| Passageway which is also resonating chambers for the voice. These are like cul de sacs, first line of defense for the respiratory system. | Sinuses
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| Name the sinuses: | Paranasal, Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoidal and Ethmoidal sinuses
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| Sinuses below frontal bone | Frontal sinuses
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| Sinuses above the upper teeth, can cause severe teeth pain when swollen | Maxillary sinuses
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| Sinuses below sphenoid bone, can cause pounding headaches | Sphendoidal Sinuses
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| Sinuses below ethmoid bone | Ethmoidal Sinuses
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| Throat, common passageway for food and air, attachment site for lymphatic tonsils | Pharynx
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| Makes up the Pharynx area: | Internal nares, Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
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| Separates the nasal cavity and the oral cavity | Palate
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| Allows communication from the nasal cavity to the air | Internal Nares
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| Where the pharyngeal tonsils are attached | Nasopharynx
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| Another name for the pharyngeal tonsils | Adenoids
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| Contains the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils locates at the base of tongue | Oropharynx
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| Where the palatine tonsils are located | At the end of the soft palate
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| Area of the pharynx above the epiglottis | Laryngopharynx
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| Voice box area located between the pharynx and the trachea | Larynx
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| Located in the larynx: | Thyroid, Epiglottis and Vocal Folds
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| Hyline cartilage shield located anteriorly. Known as Adam's apple | Thyroid
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| Is the flap above the Glottis. Protects the superior opening to the larynx. Determines if food or air and send to the correct passageway | Epiglottis
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| Mucosal membrane modification, which vibrates as air passes over them through a slit. True vocal cords. | Vocal Folds
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| Vocal folds are thin and stretched | Higher Pitch of Voice
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| Vocal folds are relaxed and thicker | Lower Pitch of Voice
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| Windpipe, extends from the inferior portion of the larynx to the upper part of the chest where it meets the bronchi. Lined with cililated mucosa | Trachea
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| Primary bronchus, the left and right dividing brances | Bronchi
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| Hypersensitive ridge between the 2 areas responsible for the cough reflex | Carina
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| The organs in which gas exchange takes place, consists of 5 lobes. | Lungs
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| Left lung has how many lobes? | 2
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| Right lung has how many lobes? | 3
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| Top of the lung is called? | Apex
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| Bottom of the lung is called? | Base
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| The base rests on which organ | Diaphragm
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| This splits into Secondary bronchus and Tertiary bronchus | Primary bronchus
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| Is also known as the Lobar bronchus, has 2 branches for the left lung | Secondary Bronchus
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| Is also known as the Segmental bronchus, has 3 branches for the right lung | Tertiary Bronchus
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| Smallest passageways in the lungs | Bronchioles
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| Cluster of air sacs which have single squamous epithelial cell thick walls. Actual site of gas exchange | Alveoli
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| Name the parts of the Alveoli: | Alveolar Ducts and Alveolar sacs
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| Space that contains the lungs contained within the thoracic cavity. | Lung Cavity
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| Also known as diaphragm, subdivided by the mediastinum. | Lung Floor
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| Assists with breathing by lifting up the rib cage to allow for air expansion. | Intercostals
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| Bi-layer sac consisting of fluid that covers the lungs | Pleura
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| Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity. | Parietal Pleura
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| Covers the lungs | Visceral Pleura
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| Pulmonary Ventilation consists of: | Inhalation/Inspiration, Exhalation/Expiration, Compliance
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| Active phase requiring a drawing in of air into the lungs, diaphragm contracts and drops, external intercostals contract and elevate the rib cage. | Inhalation/Inspiration
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| Passive phase as air is expelled from the lungs, diaphragm relaxes and elevates, external intercostals relax and lowers the rib cage. | Exhalation/Expiration
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| Ease with which the lungs and thorax is expanded during inhalation. The ease in which you can breathe. | Compliance
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| Respiratory Volumes and Capacities: | Tidal Volumes (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Residual Volume (RV), Vital Capacity (VC), Dead Space Volume
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| The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath during normal breathing | Tidal Volumes (TV)
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| The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume. Ex: Spirometry where you breathe in as much as you can for a test. | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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| The amount of air that can forcibly be exhaled after the tidal expiration, over and above. Ex: Spirometry where you exhale as much as you can. | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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| The air left in the lungs after the most complete expiration. Keeps lungs from collapsing and keeps form of the lungs. | Residual Volume (RV)
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| The total amount of exchangeable air. Equals the sum of all measurable amounts. TV+ IRV+ ERV | Vital Capacity (VC)
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| Air that remains in the respiratory tract and never makes it to the alveoli | Dead Space Volume
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| Areas in charge of respiration: | Medulla Oblongata and Pons
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| Rhythmicity center which extends throughout the length and is responsible for the depth of breathing. | Medulla Oblongata
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| Pontine respiratory group responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing | Pons
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| Name what makes up the Pontine Respirator group: | Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
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| Factors that affect breathing or gas exchange | Actual gas exchange or Diffusion, gas transport in blood, Abnormal Ventilation
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| The movement of molecules from an area in which they are in a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | Diffusion or Gas Exchange
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| 2 gases transported in the blood to the lungs and vice versa | Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
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| Breakdown of Carbon Dioxide eliminated from where in the body by the blood and exhaled in respiration | 10% via Plasma, 15% via Combinations with protein portions of hemoglobin and plasma, 75% via iconic version (bicarbonate) formed when CO2 is dissolved in blood fluids from aerobic respiration of glucose
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| Respiration breakdown equation: | CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ H2O (water)= H2CO3 (Hydrogen ions and Carbonic Acid)+ HCO3 (bicarbonate ion)
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| Makes up abnormal ventilation: | Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation
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| Deep and rapid respiration resulting in altered blood pH, leading to dizziness and tingling. Ex; Ischemic effect in tissues. | Hyperventilation
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| Insufficient amount of air entering the alveoli. Ex: Sleep Apnea | Hypoventilation
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| Name the results of inadequate breathing: | Cyanosis, Hypoxia, Hypoxemia, Suffocation
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| Bluish tinged skin. Is a symptom of diseased states | Cyanosis
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| Lower than normal levels of oxygen, overall lower level. Ex: heart condition and emphysema | Hypoxia
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| Lower than normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood. Ex: systemic situation. | Hypoxemia
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| No breathing at all | Suffocation
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| Explain the breathing pathway from the nose: | External Nares-Nasal Cavity-Nasal Conchae-Internal Nares-Nasopharynx-Oropharynx-Laryngopharynx-Epiglottis-Larynx-Vocal Folds-Trachea-Carina-Primary Bronchus-Lungs-Secondary Bronchus-Tertiary Bronchus-Terminal Bronchioles-Alveolar Sacs-Alveoli-Bloodstream
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| Explain the breathing pathway from the mouth: | Oropharynx-Laryngopharynx-Epiglottis-Larynx-Vocal Folds-Trachea-Carina-Primary Bronchus-Lungs-Secondary Bronchus-Tertiary Bronchus-Terminal Bronchioles-Alveolar Sacs-Alveoli-Bloodstream
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